WorkflowMortgage Servicing & Default

The complete guide · October 2026

Mortgage servicing transfer reconciliation, explained.

Collecting a home loan's monthly payments is a job, called servicing, and servicers buy and sell it in bulk. When it changes hands, thousands of loans move overnight as a spreadsheet of data and a pile of scanned documents. Reconciliation is the new company checking, loan by loan, that what arrived matches what the borrower was promised: the balance, the escrow, the payment history, and any payment plan already under way. The law makes the new company answer for every gap from the first day.

This guide is for anyone who buys, boards, checks or answers for transferred mortgage servicing: transfer and boarding managers, data quality analysts, loss mitigation and escrow leads, servicing compliance officers, subservicer relationship managers, and the leaders deciding whether to automate the work. No background needed.

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A quick example · fictional

Imagine you run servicing transfers for a mortgage servicer in Fort Worth, Texas. On Thursday, October 1, 2026, your company, Larkmoor Loan Servicing, took over 4,812 loans with $1.18 billion of unpaid balance from Wrenhaven Home Loans. It is Monday, October 12, day 11. Welcome letters must be in the mail by Friday. Fourteen complete loss mitigation applications that Wrenhaven had not yet decided must be decided by October 31.

Wrenhaven's data file says Luis and Carmen Arreola of Mesquite owe the full $2,086.91 a month, and your system copied it. Their October payment of $1,412.36 is sitting in a holding account as a partial payment. Wrenhaven's own account notes, which came with the file, tell a different story, and so does page 41 of the 63 pages in their loan file.

Wrenhaven data file · row 1,207
Plan in force
(blank)
Trial payment
(blank)
Amount due Oct 1
$2,086.91
In your system
The same
Wrenhaven notes, Aug 14 · file p. 41
Plan
Trial modification approved
Payments
3 × $1,412.36
Due
Sep 1, Oct 1, Nov 1
September
Paid to Wrenhaven
Billed $2,086.91Agreed $1,412.36the data file and your system agree with each other, and both are wrong.

If nothing changes, a $69.31 late fee posts on Friday, October 16, a past-due letter goes out the next day, the loan is referred toward foreclosure on October 29 and reported late to the credit bureaus on October 31. All of it would land on a family paying exactly what they were told to pay. Eight more loans in the same file have the same blank.

Reconciling every loan against the old servicer's notes and signed documents finds the plan on day 11, four days before the first fee.

Servicing transfer reconciliation guide
Part A · Understand it

How a mortgage servicing transfer works, and the duties it puts on the old and the new servicer

What changes hands, the Regulation X clocks, the workouts and escrow a new servicer inherits, the errors that recur, the enforcement record and the 2026 market, explained without selling anything. If you are new to mortgage servicing, start here.

01 · In plain words

What happens to a mortgage when its servicing is sold

The company a homeowner pays each month is called a servicer, and it may not own the loan at all. Its job is to collect each payment, pay the property taxes and the homeowner's insurance out of an escrow account, answer questions, and work with borrowers who fall behind. It is paid a slice of every payment, and that right to service the loan can be sold like any other asset. The CFPB, the federal regulator for mortgage servicing, lists the usual ways: a sale of the mortgage servicing rights (MSR), a hand-off to a hired subservicer, or a sale of the loans with their servicing.1

On the transfer date the borrower's account moves from one company's computer system to another's. What travels is a large spreadsheet called the data tape, with one row per loan and hundreds of columns; scanned loan files, often one large PDF per loan; the old servicer's account notes; payment histories; and lists of special cases such as loans in a payment plan. The new servicer loads all of it into its own system. The industry calls that boarding.

Each step is a chance to drop something. A column is mapped to the wrong field, a balance is keyed with two digits swapped, a file of automatic-payment sign-ups arrives after the cut-off, or a payment plan the old servicer set up in its notes never made it into the tape. The CFPB's 2020 guidance puts the borrower's position plainly: "consumers do not have a choice with respect to the transfer of servicing".1

So the law puts the burden on the two companies. The old servicer must send everything it has, accurately. The new one must look for what is missing and fetch it from the old servicer before it asks the borrower. Payment plans, pending applications and the protections that come with them continue under the new servicer.2,3 Checking all of that, loan by loan, against the data, the documents and the notes, is servicing transfer reconciliation.

The life of one servicing transfer, in five steps

  1. The servicing is sold or handed overThe buyer and seller sign, and the loan's investor approves: Fannie Mae wants its form at least 60 days ahead, Ginnie Mae 90 days' notice.
  2. The borrower is toldA goodbye letter at least 15 days before the transfer date, a welcome letter no more than 15 days after, or one combined letter.
  3. The loans moveThe data tape, the image files, the account notes and the payment histories arrive; the new servicer boards every loan on the transfer date.
  4. The new servicer reconcilesEvery loan checked against its data, documents and notes; every gap found, ranked and fixed before the borrower is hurt. This guide is about this step.
  5. Months of watchingThe CFPB suggests monitoring complaints, workouts and delinquencies for at least four to six months after a transfer.

Step 4 is the subject of this guide. Sources for the dates: Fannie Mae Servicing Guide A2-7-03, Ginnie Mae MBS Guide chapter 21, 12 CFR 1024.33 and CFPB Bulletin 2020-02.4,5,6,1

Four surprises when mortgage servicing changes hands

The borrower is never asked

A homeowner whose servicing is sold gets two letters and a new payment address. The loan's rate, balance and terms stay the same: the notice must say the transfer does not affect any term or condition "other than terms directly related to the servicing of the loan".6

A payment plan can live only in the notes

Examiners found new servicers "failing to identify and honor in-place loss mitigation", and some that missed modifications "not registered by the transferor or not otherwise in the databases".7 The old servicer's notes are part of the account file the rule requires it to keep.2

Two systems agreeing proves little

The check most teams run compares the data tape with what boarded. The CFPB's own example of it is quality control "to validate that the data on the transferee's system matches the data submitted by the transferor".1 When the tape is wrong, both sides agree and the loan passes.

The clock starts on day one

Pending complete loss mitigation applications must be evaluated within 30 days of the transfer date, and for 60 days a payment the old servicer received on time cannot be treated as late.3,6 A gap found in week six is already late.

Transferor, data tape, boarding, in-flight loss mitigation

Transferor and transferee

The servicer handing the loans over, and the servicer taking them on. Regulation X uses both words, and so does this guide.

Data tape

The file of loan data the old servicer sends: one row per loan, a column per fact, from balance and rate to escrow and plan status.

Boarding

Loading transferred loans into the new servicer's system so it can bill, collect, pay escrow bills and report on them.

In-flight loss mitigation

A workout under way at transfer: a trial payment plan, a pending application, a forbearance or a modification not yet final.

Fourteen terms are defined in the one-page summary.

02 · What changes hands

What changes hands in an MSR sale or a subservicing move, and what stays put

In shortThree kinds of deal move servicing: a sale of the servicing rights, a change of subservicer, and a sale of the loans with their servicing. The borrower's loan terms never change. What changes is who collects, where payments go, often the account number, and which system holds the record. Each kind of move triggers its own notices and approvals.

The most common

A sale of servicing rights

The owner of the servicing rights sells them, usually in bulk: a tranche of thousands of loans in one deal, with the fee income priced in. Investor approval is needed for Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae loans.4,8,5

The work moves, the rights stay

A change of subservicer

The rights holder hires a different company to do the work, or brings it in house. The CFPB treats it as a transfer: its bulletins cover "transfers of servicing responsibilities … through subservicing".1

The loans move too

A whole-loan sale

The loans are sold with their servicing. The new owner must also tell the borrower within 30 days under Regulation Z's transfer-of-ownership rule.9

Which change triggers which duty

A change of servicer triggers the borrower letters; a change of owner alone does not

Notices and approvals by kind of change

NoDependsYes
Goodbye and welcome lettersNew-owner noticeInvestor approvalSale of servicing rightsYesNoYesChange of subservicer, new payee or addressYesNoDependsLoan sale, servicing moves with itYesYesDependsLoan sale, servicing staysNoYesDependsMerger, same payee, address, account and paymentNoNoDepends

Our reading of the sources 6,9,4,8,5 · Our reading of 12 CFR 1024.33(b)(2), 12 CFR 1026.39 and the agencies' guides. 'Depends' means it turns on the loan's investor or the facts; Fannie Mae, for example, wants 30 days' notice of a subservicing change.

Show the numbers
Goodbye and welcome lettersNew-owner noticeInvestor approval
Sale of servicing rightsYesNoYes
Change of subservicer, new payee or addressYesNoDepends
Loan sale, servicing moves with itYesYesDepends
Loan sale, servicing staysNoYesDepends
Merger, same payee, address, account and paymentNoNoDepends

Regulation X excuses only a narrow set of moves from the letters: transfers between affiliates, mergers and acquisitions, and changes between master servicers where the subservicer stays the same, and only when there is no change in the "payee, address to which payment must be delivered, account number, or amount of payment due".6 Everything else gets a letter from each side.

What the borrower's letters must say

ItemWhat the notice must carry under 12 CFR 1024.33(b)(4)
Effective dateThe effective date of the transfer of servicing
Both companiesName, address and a collect or toll-free number for the new servicer and for the old one
The payment switchThe last day the old servicer accepts payments and the first day the new one does; the same day or consecutive days
Optional insuranceWhether mortgage life, disability or other optional insurance is affected, and what the borrower must do
The loan itselfThat the transfer does not affect any term or condition other than those directly related to servicing

Source: 12 CFR 1024.33(b)(4); Appendix MS-2 to Part 1024 is the model form.6 The first day the new servicer accepts payments is also the "transfer date" from which the loss mitigation clocks run.3

03 · The rules and their dates

RESPA section 6, three parts of Regulation X and two CFPB bulletins: the transfer rules and their 2026 status

Status as of October 2026

In shortThe duties come from RESPA section 6 and three sections of Regulation X: 1024.33 for letters and late payments, 1024.38(b)(4) for moving information, and 1024.41(k) for workouts in progress. Two CFPB bulletins, 2014-01 and 2020-02, say what examiners look for, and both are still in force. The investors add their own approvals. A rewrite of the loss mitigation rule has been pending since 2024.

The transfer rules were built in layers, and both CFPB bulletins outlasted the 2025 withdrawal of 67 guidance documents
  1. 1990RESPA section 6

    Transfer notices and the 60-day payment protection written into the statute.

  2. Feb 2013First CFPB transfer bulletin

    Bulletin 2013-01 and a warning from the director: consumers 'should not be collateral damage'.

  3. Jan 10, 2014Regulation X servicing rules

    1024.38(b)(4) requires both servicers to have policies for moving information.

  4. Aug 19, 2014Bulletin 2014-01

    Examples of transfer policies; scrutiny of loans with pending workouts.

  5. Apr 21, 2015Green Tree order

    $48 million restitution; modifications from prior servicers not honored.

  6. Jun 2016Supervisory Highlights special edition

    Transferees failed to honor in-place trial modifications; cited as unfair.

  7. Oct 19, 20171024.41(k) takes effect

    The 2016 amendments set loss mitigation rules for transferred loans.

  8. Apr 24, 2020Bulletin 2020-02

    Planning, testing, post-transfer monitoring and an appendix of data to send.

  9. May 12, 202567 CFPB guidance documents withdrawn

    Neither transfer bulletin is on the list.

  10. May 13, 2026Fannie Mae A2-7-03 updated

    Form 629 60 days ahead; honor prior arrangements; refund fees.

  11. Jul 2026CFPB exam procedures reissued

    Module 1 is still servicing and ownership transfers.

Source 10,11,12,13,7,14,1,15,4,16,17

Show the numbers
WhenWhat
1990RESPA section 6
Feb 2013First CFPB transfer bulletin
Jan 10, 2014Regulation X servicing rules
Aug 19, 2014Bulletin 2014-01
Apr 21, 2015Green Tree order
Jun 2016Supervisory Highlights special edition
Oct 19, 20171024.41(k) takes effect
Apr 24, 2020Bulletin 2020-02
May 12, 202567 CFPB guidance documents withdrawn
May 13, 2026Fannie Mae A2-7-03 updated
Jul 2026CFPB exam procedures reissued
PendingLoss mitigation rewrite
TextWhat it asks of a transferStatus
RESPA §6, 12 U.S.C. 2605Notices 15 days before and after; for 60 days no late fee, and no payment "treated as late for any other purposes", if the old servicer received it before the due date; damages for violations.10In force
12 CFR 1024.33Notice timing and contents; the 60-day rule with grace periods counted; misdirected payments forwarded or returned.6In force
12 CFR 1024.38(b)(4)The old servicer sends everything "in a form and manner that ensures the accuracy"; the new one must "identify necessary documents or information that may not have been transferred" and get them from the old one.2In force
12 CFR 1024.41(k)Pending applications, appeals and offers carry over; complete applications evaluated within 30 days of the transfer date.3In force since Oct 19, 2017
12 CFR 1024.17(e), (k)Escrow statements within 60 days of the transfer; taxes and insurance paid on time.18In force
12 CFR 1024.35(b)(8)A borrower can assert "Failure to transfer accurately and timely information" as an error the servicer must investigate.19In force
CFPB Bulletins 2014-01 and 2020-02Examples of reasonable transfer policies: plans, tailored testing, quality control after boarding, four to six months of monitoring, and a list of data to send.12,1Active; not on the May 2025 withdrawal list15
CFPB exam proceduresExaminers sample loans "transferred within the previous year" and check that the new servicer "complies with the terms of loss mitigation agreements entered into by the borrower and the prior servicer".16July 2026 edition
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie MaeApproval before the transfer, at least 60, 45 and 90 days ahead; due diligence and controls for boarding and reconciliation.4,8,5Fannie Mae A2-7-03 dated May 13, 2026
Two claims to correct. Some 2025 commentary says the CFPB withdrew its servicing transfer guidance. It withdrew 67 documents on May 12, 2025; the "Bulletin 2014–01" on that list is a credit-reporting bulletin, and neither transfer bulletin appears.15 Others describe the 2024 proposal that would replace the "complete application" framework as law. As of October 2026 it is still a proposal; the CFPB's agenda had aimed at a final rule in August 2026.17 Until a final rule is published, 1024.41(k) applies as written.
04 · The clocks

The deadlines a transfer sets running, from 90 days before to 60 days after

In shortThe investors want notice weeks ahead; the borrower letters bracket the transfer date by 15 days; pending loss mitigation work has 10 business days and 30 days; payments and escrow have 60 days. Every one of them runs from a date the new servicer cannot move, so reconciliation has to finish inside the first two weeks to leave time to fix what it finds.

Four of the eight deadlines fall within 30 days of the transfer date

Days relative to the transfer date (the first day the new servicer accepts payments)

  1. Day −90Ginnie Mae notice

    The selling issuer tells its account executive at least 90 days before the effective reporting date (single-family pools).

  2. Day −60Fannie Mae Form 629

    Request for approval at least 60 days before the earlier of the sale or transfer date (30 for subservicing).

  3. Day −60 to −45Freddie Mac agreement

    Transfer request and electronic agreement signed 45 to 60 days before the effective date.

  4. Day −15Goodbye letter

    The old servicer's notice, or a combined notice from both.

  5. Day 0Transfer date

    The new servicer starts accepting payments. When the first payment is also due to it that day, as in this guide's example, the 60-day window opens too.

Source 5,4,8,6,3,18

Show the numbers
WhenWhat
Day −90Ginnie Mae notice
Day −60Fannie Mae Form 629
Day −60 to −45Freddie Mac agreement
Day −15Goodbye letter
Day 0Transfer date
Day +10 business daysAcknowledgment notices
Day +15Welcome letter
Day +30Complete applications and appeals
Day +60Payment window closes; escrow statement

The same clocks on a real calendar

Take a transfer date of Thursday, October 1, 2026, the date in this guide's example; the table below gives every date. Two of the counts need care. Acknowledgment notices for incomplete applications are due within 10 days excluding Saturdays, Sundays and legal holidays; Columbus Day, October 12, does not count, which puts the last day at Friday, October 16, the same day as the welcome letters.3

The 60-day payment period runs "beginning on the effective date of transfer", which RESPA defines as "the date on which the mortgage payment of a borrower is first due to the transferee servicer". In the example the October 1 payment was owed to Larkmoor, so October 1 is day one and day 60 is Sunday, November 29.10,6

DeadlineRuleFor an October 1, 2026 transfer
Goodbye letterAt least 15 days before (1024.33(b)(3))By Wednesday, September 16
Welcome letterNo more than 15 days afterBy Friday, October 16
Acknowledgment of an incomplete application10 business days (1024.41(k)(2))By Friday, October 16
Complete applications pending at transfer30 days (1024.41(k)(3))By Saturday, October 31
Payment protection60-day period beginning on the effective date of transfer, the day the first payment is due to the new servicer (1024.33(c)(1); RESPA 6(i)(1))October 1 through Sunday, November 29
Initial escrow statementWithin 60 days, if the payment or accounting method changes (1024.17(e))By Monday, November 30

Our arithmetic from the rules cited.6,3,18,10 "Within 60 days of" the transfer counts 60 days after October 1, so the escrow statement can go out on November 30; a "60-day period beginning on" October 1 counts October 1 as its first day and ends November 29. A transfer that follows a for-cause termination, a servicer bankruptcy or a receivership may send the old servicer's notice up to 30 days after the transfer.6

05 · Data and documents

What the old servicer must send, and what the new one has to go looking for

In shortThe old servicer owes every document and piece of information it holds, in a form the new servicer can use accurately. The new servicer owes a search for what did not arrive, starting with the old servicer before the borrower. The CFPB's 2020 appendix lists 89 example items in nine groups. Loss mitigation status is the shortest group and the one that does the most harm when it goes missing.

Regulation X sets two duties. The transferor's policies must ensure it can "timely transfer all information and documents in the possession or control of the servicer relating to a transferred mortgage loan … in a form and manner that ensures the accuracy of the information and documents transferred". The transferee's must ensure it can "identify necessary documents or information that may not have been transferred by a transferor servicer and obtain such documents from the transferor servicer".2

The official interpretation gives the case this guide's example turns on: a new servicer that receives information "indicating that a borrower has made payments consistent with a trial or permanent loan modification" but no agreement. The CFPB's 2014 bulletin turns it into a practice: "monitoring newly transferred loans and determining if partial payments received are actually payments pursuant to trial or permanent modification agreements".2,12

The CFPB's list of what should move

A quarter of the CFPB's example list is basic loan data; loss mitigation is four lines

Top-level items in each group of Appendix A to CFPB Bulletin 2020-02

Foundational loan informationbalances, rate, ARM terms, suspense, fees owed22 items
Escrow accounts13 items
Hazard and flood insurance10 items
FHA insurance9 items
Foreclosure9 items
Bankruptcy9 items
Private mortgage insurance8 items
Investor information5 items
Loss mitigationstatus, agreements, analysis, applications4 items

Our reading of the sources 1 · Our count of the bullet points, 89 in all. The loss mitigation group carries nine more sub-items under its application line. The CFPB presents the items as examples.

Show the numbers
GroupItems
Foundational loan information22 items
Escrow accounts13 items
Hazard and flood insurance10 items
FHA insurance9 items
Foreclosure9 items
Bankruptcy9 items
Private mortgage insurance8 items
Investor information5 items
Loss mitigation4 items

The bulletin names "the terms of any loss mitigation that was offered to a borrower under which the borrower is performing" among the information to send at boarding, and its appendix lists the "Amount of funds in suspense account" and, for adjustable-rate loans, the index, margin and next change date.1 The bulletin also flags data with its own legal risk: private mortgage insurance cancellation and midpoint dates, whose loss can contribute to violations of the Homeowners Protection Act.1

Where each kind of information usually travels

Agreed workouts and signed changes often travel outside the data tape

Where each family of loan information is usually found in a transfer file

RarelySometimesUsually
Data tapeDocument imagesAccount notesSeparate filesBalances, rate and termsUsuallySometimesRarelyRarelyEscrow balances and payeesUsuallySometimesRarelySometimesPayment history and suspenseSometimesSometimesRarelyUsuallyFees and corporate advancesSometimesRarelySometimesUsuallyWorkout status and termsSometimesSometimesUsuallyUsuallySigned workout agreementsRarelyUsuallySometimesRarelyAutopay sign-upsSometimesRarelySometimesUsuallyBorrower contacts and address changesUsuallySometimesSometimesRarely

Our reading of the sources 1,7,20,2 · Our reading of CFPB Bulletin 2020-02, the June 2016 Supervisory Highlights and an industry description of transfer files. Your counterparties will differ; the point is that no single source holds everything.

Show the numbers
Data tapeDocument imagesAccount notesSeparate files
Balances, rate and termsUsuallySometimesRarelyRarely
Escrow balances and payeesUsuallySometimesRarelySometimes
Payment history and suspenseSometimesSometimesRarelyUsually
Fees and corporate advancesSometimesRarelySometimesUsually
Workout status and termsSometimesSometimesUsuallyUsually
Signed workout agreementsRarelyUsuallySometimesRarely
Autopay sign-upsSometimesRarelySometimesUsually
Borrower contacts and address changesUsuallySometimesSometimesRarely

The account notes matter because the rule makes them part of the record. A servicer must keep, for every loan, a schedule of all transactions "including any escrow account … and any suspense account", the security instrument, "Any notes created by servicer personnel reflecting communications with the borrower", and a report of the data fields in its systems.2 When a workout was agreed by phone and written up in the notes before the workout system was updated, the notes are where it lives.

Ask the old servicer first. The 2014 bulletin warns that a new servicer that "requires borrowers to resubmit loss mitigation application materials is unlikely to have policies and procedures that comply" with 1024.38(b)(4), and that the transferee's procedures "must address obtaining any such missing information or documents from a transferor servicer before attempting to obtain such information from borrowers".12

The industry's attempts at a common format

The CFPB has encouraged servicers "to adopt a common data standard and data dictionary".1 The mortgage industry's standards body, MISMO, publishes a Servicing Transfer Catalog of templates for transfer instructions, image schedules and reconciliation, which Freddie Mac asks transferors and transferees to review and adopt, and in October 2025 released a loan boarding dataset, a standard set of data for boarding newly made loans, that it says "minimizes costly errors in future servicing transfers".8,21 The CFPB encourages a common standard; no rule requires one.1

06 · Workouts in progress

Trial plans, pending applications and open offers: the workouts a new servicer inherits

In shortA borrower's loss mitigation rights survive the transfer. The new servicer takes over pending applications on the old servicer's clock, decides complete ones within 30 days of the transfer date, decides open appeals, and keeps open offers open. A trial plan boarded as an ordinary loan turns a correct payment into a partial one, and the rest follows: a late fee, a past-due letter, a foreclosure referral, a credit report.

Situation at transferWhat the new servicer must doRule
Application pendingComply "within the timeframes that were applicable to the transferor servicer", measured from when the old servicer received it; protections the borrower had "continue to apply notwithstanding the transfer"1024.41(k)(1)3
Acknowledgment not yet sentSend it within 10 days, excluding weekends and legal holidays, of the transfer date1024.41(k)(2)3
Complete application pendingEvaluate it within 30 days of the transfer date; an application complete for the old servicer is treated as facially complete even if the new one needs more1024.41(k)(3)3
Appeal openDecide it within 30 days of the transfer date or of the appeal, whichever is later; if it cannot, treat it as a pending complete application1024.41(k)(4)3
Offer openLet the borrower accept or reject "during the unexpired balance" of the period, and honor an acceptance sent to the old servicer1024.41(k)(5)3
Plan agreed and performingHonor it. No first foreclosure filing while a borrower who applied before it performs under a loss mitigation agreement; Fannie Mae requires transferees to honor arrangements made by the previous servicer, or give reasonable notice of a change where the contract allows1024.41(f)(2); A2-7-033,4

How a trial payment turns into a delinquency

A trial period plan sets a lower payment for a few months before a permanent modification. In this guide's example, Wrenhaven approved the Arreolas for three trial payments of $1,412.36 on August 14, against a regular payment of $2,086.91: principal and interest of $1,386.14 plus $700.77 for escrow. The September payment reached Wrenhaven. The data tape went over with the plan fields blank, so the new system billed the full amount, and when the October trial payment arrived it was $674.55 short of the bill.

Nine trial plans boarded as ordinary loans were each billed about half as much again as agreed

Five of the nine loans in the example: the agreed trial payment and the amount billed from the data tape

Trial payment agreedBilled from the data tape
Arreola$1,412.4$2,086.9
Ogbonnaya$1,188.4$1,742.2
Brandt$954.12$1,401.7
Delacroix$1,630.8$2,388
Nguyen$1,077.3$1,569.8

Fictional example from this guide · Fictional loans from this guide's example. On each, the bill is 1.46 to 1.48 times the trial payment.

Show the numbers
Trial payment agreedBilled from the data tape
Arreola$1,412.4$2,086.9
Ogbonnaya$1,188.4$1,742.2
Brandt$954.12$1,401.7
Delacroix$1,630.8$2,388
Nguyen$1,077.3$1,569.8
One blank field becomes four harms in 29 days
  1. 1Payment held

    The October trial payment, $1,412.36, is less than the $2,086.91 billed, so it waits in a holding account as a partial payment.

    Payment systemOct 2
  2. 2Late fee

    5% of principal and interest, $69.31, is scheduled because the October payment is treated as short.

    BillingOct 16
  3. 3Past-due letter

    The borrowers are told they are behind while paying exactly as agreed.

    CollectionsOct 17
  4. 4Foreclosure referral

    120 days past the July 1 due date the account is referred toward foreclosure.

    Default servicingOct 29
  5. 5Credit report

    The month-end report to the credit bureaus shows the loan as seriously late.

    Credit reportingOct 31

Fictional example from this guide · Fictional example. The steps carry separate violation risks: a fee without a reasonable basis, a first foreclosure filing barred while a borrower performs under an agreement, and an inaccurate credit report.

Show the numbers
StepWhat happensWhoTime
Payment heldThe October trial payment, $1,412.36, is less than the $2,086.91 billed, so it waits in a holding account as a partial payment.Payment systemOct 2
Late fee5% of principal and interest, $69.31, is scheduled because the October payment is treated as short.BillingOct 16
Past-due letterThe borrowers are told they are behind while paying exactly as agreed.CollectionsOct 17
Foreclosure referral120 days past the July 1 due date the account is referred toward foreclosure.Default servicingOct 29
Credit reportThe month-end report to the credit bureaus shows the loan as seriously late.Credit reportingOct 31

The protections that stop this are in the rules. Fannie Mae's guide tells transferees to "Waive late notices" and to ensure "fees and charges improperly assessed to a borrower are promptly refunded or credited".4 Regulation X lists "Imposition of a fee or charge that the servicer lacks a reasonable basis to impose" as an error a borrower can assert.19

The CFPB's 2016 findings show the same injury from the other end: borrowers who finished their trial payments with the new servicer waited so long for the permanent modification that interest kept accruing, and the CFPB "cited this practice as unfair".7

07 · Payments, fees and credit

The 60-day payment window, late fees, automatic payments and credit reports after a transfer

In shortFor 60 days beginning on the effective date of transfer, the day the first payment is due to the new servicer, a payment the old servicer received on or before its due date, grace period included, cannot be charged a late fee or treated as late for any purpose. The old servicer must forward such payments or send them back. Automatic payments that do not carry over are a common trap, and a borrower who disputes a transfer error freezes adverse credit reporting on that payment for 60 days.

The statute is direct: during the 60-day period beginning on the effective date, "a late fee may not be imposed on the borrower with respect to any payment on such loan and no such payment may be treated as late for any other purposes, if the payment is received by the transferor servicer (rather than the transferee servicer who should properly receive payment) before the due date".10

Regulation X counts any grace period, and from the transfer date the old servicer must "promptly either transfer the payment to the transferee servicer … or return the payment to the person that made the payment".6 The official interpretation adds one carve-out: early contact with a borrower who is truly delinquent, required by 1024.39, does not count as treating a payment as late.6

What "treated as late" covers

Inside the window, for a payment received on time by the old servicer
  • No late fee on the loan, on any payment.6
  • No past-due status, no delinquency letter driven by it, no credit report of it as late.10
  • Payments in the holding account applied as of the date received.
What the window does not cover
  • A payment that reached the old servicer after its due date and grace period.6
  • A payment never made, for example an automatic draft that never ran because the sign-up did not carry over.
  • Payments after the 60 days, which must go to the new servicer.

Automatic payments are the gap the window does not close

The CFPB's examination procedures ask whether the servicer "takes steps to facilitate the transfer of the consumer's automated clearing house (ACH) payments", so that consumers "do not inadvertently fail to make a timely mortgage payment or make a double mortgage payment".16 An industry description of transfer problems lists "autopayment settings that may have changed" and "loan numbers that don't match" among the things borrowers meet after a transfer.20 A sign-up file that misses the boarding cut-off leaves the borrower believing the payment will be drafted, and nothing is drafted.

Three late fees, $217.44 in all, charged on payments the old servicer received on the due date

Late fees found in the example's 60-day window, all on payments received by Wrenhaven on October 1 and forwarded October 7

Gallaghercharged October 9$80.36
Reyescharged October 9$72.18
Fontainecharged October 9$64.90

Fictional example from this guide · Fictional example. The fee is small; the violation is the same size whatever the amount.

Show the numbers
BorrowerLate fee
Gallagher$80.36
Reyes$72.18
Fontaine$64.90

When the borrower disputes the transfer

Regulation X lists eleven covered errors, and one of them is the transfer itself: "Failure to transfer accurately and timely information relating to the servicing of a borrower's mortgage loan account to a transferee servicer".19 Others follow a bad boarding: failure to credit a payment as of the date received, failure to pay taxes or insurance on time, a fee without a reasonable basis. The servicer must acknowledge a written notice of error within five business days and correct the error or explain why there is none within 30 business days, extendable once by 15.

For 60 days after receiving it, the servicer "may not … furnish adverse information to any consumer reporting agency regarding any payment that is the subject of the notice of error".19

RESPA adds private liability: actual damages and, for a "pattern or practice of noncompliance", additional damages of up to $2,000 per borrower; in a class action, up to $2,000 per member, with the class's additional damages capped at the lesser of $1,000,000 or 1% of the servicer's net worth, plus costs and attorneys' fees.10 A mapping error repeats on every loan it touches, which is how one wrong column can look like a pattern.

08 · Escrow

Escrow on transfer day: the wire, the balances and the tax and insurance bills due next

In shortEscrow money moves by wire, separately from the data. The new servicer must tie the wire to the escrow balances on the tape and in its own system, then make sure every tax and insurance bill falling due in the next weeks is scheduled. It must pay them on time while the borrower is no more than 30 days overdue, and send an initial escrow statement within 60 days if it changes the payment.

DutyWhat the rule says
Pay on timeDisbursements must be made on time, advancing funds if needed, "as long as the borrower's payment is not more than 30 days overdue" (1024.17(k)).18
New servicer's statementA transferee that changes the monthly payment or the accounting method must "provide the borrower with an initial escrow account statement within 60 days of the date of servicing transfer"; one that keeps both may use a short-year statement (1024.17(e)).18
Old servicer's statementThe transferor sends a short-year statement within 60 days of the transfer (1024.17(i)(4)).18
What to sendThe 2020 appendix asks for 13 escrow items: payment amount, last analysis date, tax agency codes, parcel numbers, next due dates, insurer, proof of insurance, historic records and any other payee with its due dates.1
Examiners' checkExaminers sample transferred loans with escrow and review the escrow disclosures and evidence of delivery.16

Tie the money first, then the bills

In this guide's example, Wrenhaven's tape shows $14,862,310.44 of escrow balances across 3,904 escrowed loans, and Wrenhaven wired exactly that on October 2. The balances boarded at Larkmoor total $14,857,615.19, so $4,695.25 sits in the wire but not in the right accounts: 24 loans whose boarded balance differs from the tape, mostly from transposed digits and refunds posted twice. All the money arrived, but 24 records are wrong. Fixing them moves money from one loan record to another and takes nothing from any borrower.

Six of 1,124 tax and insurance bills due in the next 45 days had nothing scheduled

Escrowed loans in the example, the bills due within the 45-day look-ahead, and those scheduled after boarding

Escrowed loans3,904
Bills due in the next 45 days1,124
Bills scheduled after boarding1,118

Fictional example from this guide · Fictional example. The six unscheduled bills are four homeowners insurance renewals and two flood premiums, the first due October 19.

Show the numbers
StageLoans
Escrowed loans3,904
Bills due in the next 45 days1,124
Bills scheduled after boarding1,118

Six missing payments out of 1,124 is half a percent. Each one is a lapsed homeowners or flood policy, and a lapse can lead to force-placed insurance, which a borrower pays for at a higher price. The 2014 bulletin reminds a transferee that replacing an existing force-placed policy requires its own notices and a reasonable basis.12

09 · Where loans break

The nine boarding errors examiners keep finding, and who notices each one first

In shortThe same failures recur in examination reports since 2013: workouts that never reached the new system, borrowers asked to start over, documents sent after boarding, platforms that reject data, autopay and fees in the payment window, escrow bills missed. The errors that occur most often are rarely the ones that hurt borrowers, and a random sample of loans almost never finds the few that do.

ErrorWhy it happensWho finds it, if no one checks
Trial or permanent modification not boardedSet up in notes or a side system; the tape's plan fields blank; incompatible platforms7The borrower, after a late fee or a past-due letter
Workout not honoredThe new servicer cannot "independently confirm" the old offer met investor rules12The borrower, asked to reapply
Documents sent after boardingThe old servicer's practice of sending files days later12Loss mitigation staff, mid-evaluation
Data rejected by the new platformFields that fail validation wait for IT to override them7Boarding exceptions, if anyone reads them
Autopay not carried; loan numbers mismatchedA separate file, a late cut-off, renumbered accounts20,16The borrower, when the draft does not run
Late fee inside the 60-day windowForwarded payments posted after the due date in the new system6The borrower, on the statement
Escrow bill not scheduledInsurer or due date missing on the tape1The insurer, with a lapse notice
ARM change date or rate wrongA column mapped from the original change date1The borrower, at the next rate change
Executed modification never sentNo validation after transfer between the two servicers1The CFPB found one only "after a borrower complained"1

The most common differences are rarely the harmful ones

Custody and contact fields hold most of the differences; loss mitigation holds few, and they hurt most

Field differences found in the example's 4,812-loan tranche, by family of fields

Investor and custody494
Borrower and contact312
Balances188
Escrow141
Payment history102
Loan terms97
Insurance83
Loss mitigationincludes the nine trial plans billed in full46

Fictional example from this guide · Fictional example: 1,463 field differences on 371 loans.

Show the numbers
FamilyDifferences
Investor and custody494
Borrower and contact312
Balances188
Escrow141
Payment history102
Loan terms97
Insurance83
Loss mitigation46
Two of the most harmful breaks are also the rarest, so a list ranked by count buries them

Common transfer errors by how often they appear and how soon a borrower is hurt

Harm to the borrower →
Rare, harmful: hunt
Common, harmful: fix the map
Rare, minor: batch
Common, minor: bulk clean-up
Trial plan missedFee in the windowAutopay droppedARM date wrongPhone formatCustody code
How often it appears in a tranche →

Our reading of the sources 12,1,7,20 · Our placement, from the regulators' findings and the industry description; escrow bills not scheduled sit near the trial plans. Your own data sets the positions.

Show the numbers
ItemHow often it appears in a tranche (0–1)Harm to the borrower (0–1)
Trial plan missed0.100.64
Fee in the window0.100.54
Autopay dropped0.740.74
ARM date wrong0.100.10
Phone format0.700.24
Custody code0.860.10

Why a sample misses the loans that matter

Suppose 9 of 4,812 transferred loans have a trial plan that did not board. A random sample of 100 loans, a common size for post-boarding quality control, contains at least one of them only about 17% of the time. Finding at least one with even odds takes 357 loans, and 95% confidence takes 1,362, more than a quarter of the tranche. The CFPB asks for quality control after boarding but does not set a sample size.1

A 100-loan sample finds one of nine missed trial plans about one time in six

Chance that a random sample contains at least one of 9 affected loans in a 4,812-loan tranche, by sample size

0%25%50%75%100%100%
502005001,0002,000

Illustrative · replace with your own numbers · Hypergeometric arithmetic, sampling without replacement. Replace 9 and 4,812 with your own counts.

Show the numbers
Chance of seeing at least one (%)
509%
10017%
20032%
30044%
50063%
75078%
1,00088%
1,50097%
2,00099%
3,000100%

Sampling works for errors that are common and spread evenly, such as a rounding rule applied to every balance. It fails for the errors transfers produce: a handful of plans in notes, one late file, one product's change date. Those are found by checking every loan on the fields that can hurt a borrower.

10 · Enforcement and risk

Green Tree, Ocwen and Nationstar: the transfer cases, what they cost, and what examiners wrote

In shortThe public record is a decade old and consistent. A buyer that did not honor inherited modifications paid $48 million to borrowers and a $15 million penalty in 2015. A seller accused in 2017 of passing on bad records won in court in 2023, on the ground that an earlier settlement barred the claims. A 2020 order required better transfer policies alongside $73 million of redress. In both orders, the money paid back to borrowers far exceeded the penalty.

Money paid back to borrowers dwarfs the penalties in transfer-related orders

Amounts in two CFPB servicing orders that turned in part on transfers

Nationstar 2020: redress to borrowersmore than 40,000 borrowers$73M
Nationstar 2020: civil penalty$1.5M
Green Tree 2015: restitution$48M
Green Tree 2015: civil penalty$15M

Source 13,22 · Both orders also covered servicing failures unrelated to transfers, so the totals are not transfer costs alone.

Show the numbers
OrderAmount
Nationstar 2020: redress to borrowers$73M
Nationstar 2020: civil penalty$1.5M
Green Tree 2015: restitution$48M
Green Tree 2015: civil penalty$15M
The buyer · 2015

Green Tree

The complaint alleged Green Tree "failed to honor loan modifications that consumers had entered into with their prior servicers". The order required "a detailed data integrity program that tests, identifies, and corrects errors in loans transferred", and barred transfers of loans in loss mitigation unless "all account-level documents and data" relating to it reached the new servicer by the transfer date.13

The seller · 2017–2023

Ocwen

The CFPB alleged Ocwen "failed to include complete and accurate borrower information when it sold its rights to service thousands of loans".23 On May 2, 2023 a federal court granted Ocwen summary judgment, holding the claims barred by the National Mortgage Settlement servicing standards in Ocwen's earlier settlement with the CFPB and the states.24 The allegations were never proved.

Transfer policies · 2020

Nationstar

About $73 million in redress and a $1.5 million penalty for failures that included not identifying "loans on its systems that had pending loss-mitigation applications or trial-modification plans". The order requires better policies for "transferring information during servicing transfers".22

What examiners wrote, in their own words

  • 2014: "During a number of examinations, CFPB examiners determined that servicers had failed to properly identify loans that were in a trial or permanent modification with the prior servicer at time of transfer." Some borrowers "subsequently received a new modification with inferior terms, and in others, the servicer actually conducted a foreclosure sale".12
  • 2016: transferees "failed to honor the terms of in-place trial modifications"; the delay "caused substantial injury".7
  • 2020: "the Bureau has continued to find weaknesses in compliance management systems and violations of Regulation X related to mortgage servicing transfers".1

The investors and the housing finance regulator watch too

The Federal Housing Finance Agency reviews the largest Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac transfers itself. Under the instructions its inspector general described in 2018, those are transfers of servicing on 100,000 or more loans moving to a nonbank, or on 25,000 or more loans that would raise the buyer's seriously delinquent book by at least 25% with at least 500 seriously delinquent loans. Its nine review factors include "Operational risks associated with the transferor and the transferee" and the "Capacity of the transferee to absorb the transaction".25

From the sale or transfer date, Fannie Mae holds the old and new servicers jointly and severally liable for all duties, selling representations and warranties, and the new servicer takes on the repurchase obligations.4

Federal enforcement is quieter in 2026, and every rule still applies. RESPA's private right of action, state regulators who license most nonbank servicers, investor guides and the CFPB's July 2026 examination procedures all still apply.10,16,4 An inherited error costs the buyer whoever finds it.
11 · The market

How many loans change servicers: MSR sales, nonbank share and borrower experience in 2025–2026

In shortWell over $100 billion of agency servicing changes hands in bulk sales each quarter: $211 billion in the last quarter of 2025, $164 billion in the first of 2026. Nonbanks serviced 59% of US mortgages in mid-2025, up from 20% in 2013. Delinquency is higher than a year earlier, so more transferred loans carry workouts. And a transfer was big enough in 2026 to dent the New York Fed's national mortgage total.

Bulk sales of agency servicing rights jumped to $211 billion at the end of 2025

Agency mortgage servicing rights transferred in bulk sales, unpaid balance, $ billions

140.4Q3 2025
211.2Q4 2025
164.3Q1 2026

Source 26,27,28 · Q4 2025 and Q1 2026 as published by Inside Mortgage Finance; Q3 2025 is our arithmetic from the published 50.4% rise ($211.18 billion ÷ 1.504). The Q1 release says the total fell 84.1% from a fourth quarter that included merger transfers, so the measures differ at the edges. First-half 2026 bulk sales were up 30.8% on a year earlier; later 2026 totals are not public.

Show the numbers
Quarter$ billions
Q3 2025140.4
Q4 2025211.2
Q1 2026164.3
Nonbanks service three of every five US mortgages, triple their 2013 share
2013 (originations 2014)Q2 2025
Share of mortgages serviced by nonbanks20%59%
Share of mortgages originated by nonbanks42%64%

Source 29 · FSOC 2025 Annual Report. Nonbanks hold 12 of the 20 largest servicing books, up from 6 in 2013.

Show the numbers
2013 (originations 2014)Q2 2025
Share of mortgages serviced by nonbanks20%59%
Share of mortgages originated by nonbanks42%64%
More than four in ten borrowers whose loan was transferred said it was not easy
40+ in 100

borrowers with a transferred loan who said the transfer process was not 'very easy' (J.D. Power 2022 study)

Source 30

Show the numbers
MeasureValue
borrowers with a transferred loan who said the transfer process was not 'very easy' (J.D. Power 2022 study)40 of 100

The Financial Stability Oversight Council adds the reason transfers matter beyond one company: stress in the nonbank sector "could lead to disorderly servicing transfers", and a stressed servicer "may fail to apply collections properly, make required advances, mitigate losses, or perform other servicing activities".29 Transfers forced by a failure are the hardest to plan.

The borrower's side of the numbers

Borrowers whose loan was transferred rated their servicer 133 points lower

J.D. Power 2022 U.S. Mortgage Servicer Satisfaction Study, overall satisfaction on a 1,000-point scale

Loan serviced by the company that made it646
Loan transferred to another servicer513
Trust in the servicer after a transferdown 145 points511

Source 30 · The third bar is the study's trust score, a separate measure on the same scale. The study surveyed customers who had been with their servicer for at least a year.

Show the numbers
GroupScore
Loan serviced by the company that made it646
Loan transferred to another servicer513
Trust in the servicer after a transfer511

The same study found satisfaction 183 points higher when borrowers called the transfer "very easy" than when they called it somewhat easy or worse.30 Speakers at the industry's 2026 servicing conference still called transfers, escrow increases and delinquency outreach "defining moments", and said servicing transfers "continue to produce low NPS scores".31

More workouts in every tranche

Mortgage delinquency rose 44 basis points in a year, so more transferred loans arrive mid-workout

MBA National Delinquency Survey, one-to-four-unit residential loans, seasonally adjusted, second quarter

3.93%Q2 2025
4.37%Q2 2026

Source 32 · Loans in foreclosure rose from 0.48% to 0.67% over the same year; FHA serious delinquencies rose 227 basis points.

Show the numbers
QuarterDelinquency rate
Q2 20253.93%
Q2 20264.37%

A delinquent loan is where transfers do the most damage: it is the loan most likely to carry a workout, and the costliest to service (Part C has the figures).33 Transfers also show up in national data. The New York Fed's report for the second quarter of 2026 recorded a $74 billion drop in mortgage balances to $13.1 trillion, adding: "The decline was mostly due to a servicer transfer gap in the reporting of mortgages and otherwise it would have stayed flat".34

12 · Automation and AI

Where software and AI fit in a transfer check, and which 2026 rulebooks reach each part

Status as of October 2026

In shortSoftware can split and name image files, compare every field across the tape, the documents and the boarded record, read account notes for workouts, and rank what it finds. No transfer rule mentions AI; the rules ask for policies "reasonably designed" to move and find information, and a tool is part of that design. Bank model risk guidance changed in April 2026, Freddie Mac added AI governance to its guide in March 2026, and the responsibility for a vendor's work stays with the servicer.

The CFPB's transfer rule "does not prescribe any specific policies or procedures"; it asks whether they are reasonably designed, given the size and complexity of the servicer, its default book and its complaint history.1 That leaves room for automation and puts the burden of showing it works on the servicer.

The April 17, 2026 model risk guidance (Federal Reserve SR 26-2, OCC Bulletin 2026-13, FDIC FIL-15-2026) replaced SR 11-7; it leaves simple arithmetic and deterministic rules out of its definition of a model and places generative AI outside its scope, leaving it to each bank's own risk management.35 Most servicers are nonbanks, which that guidance does not reach at all; the investors' guides do.

Each part of an automated transfer check answers to a different rulebook

Does each text reach this part of a tool a servicer buys or builds?

NoDependsYes
Bank model guidanceFreddie Mac AI governanceThird-party guidanceCFPB transfer rules and examsSplitting and naming image filesNoDependsDependsYesComparing fields with tolerancesNoDependsDependsYesReading notes for workoutsDependsYesDependsYesRanking breaks by harmDependsYesDependsYesPosting correctionsNoDependsDependsYesLetters to borrowersNoDependsDependsYes

Our reading of the sources 35,36,37,2,16 · Our reading. 'Bank model guidance' applies to banks only, and generative AI sits outside it; Freddie Mac's 2026 governance requirements cover AI used by its Seller/Servicers; third-party guidance applies when a bank buys the tool. Your counsel and model risk team decide.

Show the numbers
Bank model guidanceFreddie Mac AI governanceThird-party guidanceCFPB transfer rules and exams
Splitting and naming image filesNoDependsDependsYes
Comparing fields with tolerancesNoDependsDependsYes
Reading notes for workoutsDependsYesDependsYes
Ranking breaks by harmDependsYesDependsYes
Posting correctionsNoDependsDependsYes
Letters to borrowersNoDependsDependsYes
  • Freddie Mac Bulletin 2025-16 added AI and machine learning governance to Guide sections 1302.2 and 1302.8, effective March 3, 2026, for Seller/Servicers using such tools.36
  • Third-party guidance (June 2023) keeps the responsibility with the institution that uses a provider; a proposed replacement was published September 15, 2026, with comments due November 16, 2026.37
  • The CFPB's examiners sample transferred loans and test outcomes, whatever produced them.16

How you would know a transfer check works

Accuracy has two halves. Does the check find what is wrong, and does it stay quiet on what is right? The rare, harmful errors cannot be measured on live data alone, because a clean tranche shows nothing.

Plant them: take a copy of a past tranche, change known fields on known loans in the tape, the field map, the documents and the notes, and count what the check finds, what it misses and what it flags that you did not plant. A check that flags a third of the tranche to find nine plans has handed the search back to people.

What software does wellReading the 300,000-odd pages of a tranche like the example's and naming each to its loan; comparing every field on every loan without fatigue; reading millions of note entries for words like "trial" and "TPP"; flagging trial-sized payments with no plan on the tape.
What stays with peopleDeciding which source is right when two documents disagree; asking the old servicer for a missing agreement; approving a correction before it posts; letters to borrowers; signing the post-transfer certification.
13 · How teams do it today

Inside a boarding operation today: six teams, their hand-offs, and the tasks that fill the weeks

In shortA transfer manager runs the deal's checklist; boarding and data quality staff map the tape, load it and check a sample; loss mitigation, escrow and cash management each chase their own exceptions; compliance signs off. Most of the effort goes to splitting files, comparing fields by hand and hunting for workouts the tape missed. Teams do it in house, hire a boarding service, or buy software that maps and validates data.

Who boards and checks a transferred loan

TM

Transfer and boarding manager

Runs the transfer plan with the old servicer, owns the data map, the boarding cut-off and the exception list, and usually runs several transfers at once.

Cares about: finding the gap before the borrower does.
DQ

Data quality analysts

Compare the tape with what boarded, field by field on a sample, and send the old servicer questions about codes and blanks.

Cares about: a map that is right the first time.
LM

Loss mitigation lead

Owns every inherited trial plan, application, appeal and forbearance, and the 30-day clock on each.

Cares about: honoring what the borrower was promised.
ES

Escrow specialist

Ties the escrow wire to the balances, schedules the next tax and insurance bills, prepares the escrow statements.

Cares about: no lapsed policy.
CM

Cash management

Applies payments forwarded by the old servicer, clears the holding account, reverses fees charged inside the window, re-enrolls autopay.

Cares about: every forwarded payment applied as of the day it was received.
CO

Servicing compliance

Signs off the transfer for the investor and keeps the file examiners will sample.

Cares about: proof that every loan was checked.

Six teams before a servicing transfer is clean

A transfer passes through six teams before anyone can say it is clean
  1. 1Plan and approvals

    Transfer plan, data map, test files, investor approval, letters.

    Transfer manager60 to 90 days before
  2. 2Final file arrives

    Tape, image bundles, notes, payment history, workout list, escrow wire.

    Old servicerTransfer date
  3. 3Boarded

    Loans loaded; rejected fields queued for overrides.

    Boarding teamDay 0 to 2
  4. 4Checked

    Tape against boarded record on a sample; images split and named.

    Data qualityWeeks 1 to 3
  5. 5Exceptions worked

    Workouts, escrow, payments and fees chased team by team.

    Loss mitigation, escrow, cashWeeks 1 to 6
  6. 6Signed off

    Post-transfer review; four to six months of monitoring.

    ComplianceMonth 2 onward

Illustrative · replace with your own numbers · Typical shape for a bulk transfer of a few thousand loans; the order follows CFPB Bulletins 2014-01 and 2020-02. Times are illustrative.

Show the numbers
StepWhat happensWhoTime
Plan and approvalsTransfer plan, data map, test files, investor approval, letters.Transfer manager60 to 90 days before
Final file arrivesTape, image bundles, notes, payment history, workout list, escrow wire.Old servicerTransfer date
BoardedLoans loaded; rejected fields queued for overrides.Boarding teamDay 0 to 2
CheckedTape against boarded record on a sample; images split and named.Data qualityWeeks 1 to 3
Exceptions workedWorkouts, escrow, payments and fees chased team by team.Loss mitigation, escrow, cashWeeks 1 to 6
Signed offPost-transfer review; four to six months of monitoring.ComplianceMonth 2 onward

Days spent splitting images and comparing tape fields

Splitting files and comparing fields take almost half of a reconciliation done by hand

Working days for a bulk transfer of a few thousand loans, by task

Splitting and naming imagesComparing tape, documents and boarded recordFinding workouts the tape missedEscrow, payments and feesCorrections, approvals, letters, sign-off
By hand, about 24 working days5 days6 days4 days3 days6 days

Illustrative · replace with your own numbers · An illustrative estimate. No public source measures time per transfer; time your next one.

Show the numbers
Splitting and naming imagesComparing tape, documents and boarded recordFinding workouts the tape missedEscrow, payments and feesCorrections, approvals, letters, sign-off
By hand, about 24 working days5 days6 days4 days3 days6 days

A boarding team, an outsourced QC service or validation software

In house

Boarding team and spreadsheets

The new servicer's own staff map, load and sample. Cheap to start and close to the system; thin when four transfers board in the same month.

Outsourced

A boarding or quality control service

A provider maps files, de-duplicates images and tests a sample after boarding. It moves the hours elsewhere; the servicer keeps the responsibility.37

Software

Mapping, loading and validation tools

Most check that data loads and that the tape matches the boarded record. They differ on whether they read the documents and the account notes, and whether each finding carries its source.

Part B · See it working

Inside Botminds Servicing Transfer Reconciliation: a 4,812-loan purchase checked loan by loan

Part A described the work without naming a product. This part shows how Botminds does it, at a fictional mortgage servicer in Fort Worth that has just boarded a bulk purchase. Every servicer, borrower, person, figure and document in the screens is sample data.

14 · One tranche, start to finish

Day 11 at Larkmoor: Wrenhaven Tranche 3, from data tape to nine trial plans put right

In shortThis is the example from the top of the page, inside the product. Larkmoor Loan Servicing boarded 4,812 loans from Wrenhaven Home Loans on October 1, 2026. On day 11, Rhea Ormsby, the transfer manager, matches the tranche: 186 fields on every loan against the data tape, the signed documents and Wrenhaven's account notes. The Arreola loan breaks on its trial plan, and one approval corrects it and eight others like it.

1

Every transfer coming in, on its own clocks

Rhea runs every transfer Larkmoor takes on: bulk purchases, flow deals and new subservicing clients. Wrenhaven Tranche 3 is 4,812 loans and $1,183,406,200 of unpaid balance, boarded October 1, with welcome letters due October 16. A credit union joining as a subservicing client has three mapping questions open; Wrenhaven's previous tranche was certified in August with 312 differences found and none left open.

The footer states the rule every row runs on: letters 15 days, pending applications 30 days, payments 60 days, all from the transfer date, which in this tranche is also the day the first payment fell due to Larkmoor.

Every transfer in progress. Each servicing transfer with its loans, balance, transfer date, differences found, next deadline and stage.
2

Everything Wrenhaven sent, ready to match

Before the match, the screen lists what arrived: the data tape (4,812 rows by 412 columns), 311,640 pages of loan files, 1,926,410 account note entries over 24 months, 24 months of payment history, Wrenhaven's spreadsheet of 63 loans in a workout, and the records boarded into Larkmoor's system at 2:14 am on October 1.

The Arreola loan, row 1,207 of the tape, sits in the middle: Wrenhaven's values on the left, the loan file's on the right, 186 fields to match. Every cell in the strip at the top is one loan in tape order.

The tranche before matching. One cell per loan, the tape beside the loan file for the loan being matched, and the six inputs from the old servicer.
3

Tape against file, and the trial plan breaks

Rhea presses Match the tranche. Field by field, each tape value is checked against its proof in the file. On the Arreolas, balances, rate and escrow all match. The amount due does not: the tape bills $2,086.91, the trial plan notice on page 41 says $1,412.36.

Then the plan fields break: Wrenhaven's notes show a trial modification in progress that the tape never carried. Beneath it, the notes themselves: on August 14, "Flex TPP approved — 3 pmts of $1,412.36 due 9/1, 10/1, 11/1 … Plan set up in notes; workout module update pending", and on September 2, "TPP pmt 1 of 3 received". The tranche finishes with 4,441 loans clean, 1,463 differences on 371 loans, 38 of them high harm.

A break, with its proof. The amount billed and the blank plan fields break; the old servicer's two notes that prove the plan open beneath them.
4

One loan, three sources, and what happens if nothing is done

Rhea opens the loan. The table shows the field, Wrenhaven's tape, the loan file and Wrenhaven's notes, and Larkmoor's boarded record: 4 of 186 fields differ, all in the trial plan and what is billed. The tape and the boarded record agree, so a tape-to-system check would pass this loan.

On the right, the cost of waiting: a $69.31 late fee on Friday, October 16, a delinquency notice the next day, a referral toward foreclosure on October 29 and a credit report at month-end. Below it, the correction is drafted in six steps, and the 63 pages of the loan file are listed with the signed trial plan notice highlighted.

The loan, three sources. The four differing fields with their sources, the harms already scheduled, and the drafted correction. The screen cites the wrong section in step 4: 1024.41(g) covers a foreclosure judgment or sale after the first filing. The rule that bars the first foreclosure filing while a borrower who submitted a complete application performs under the plan is 1024.41(f)(2). The screen's "Reported 90 days late" also undercounts: by its own July 1 due date, the loan is 122 days past due on October 31.
5

One approval corrects all nine plans

The same pattern appears on eight more loans: a Flex trial plan in Wrenhaven's notes, a signed notice in the file, blank fields on the tape. Rhea approves all nine at once. The plans are boarded from their agreements, the payments held as partials are applied to the October trial payments, nine late fees and nine delinquency notices are canceled, and a letter telling each borrower their plan continues is queued.

Tomás Quintero, the loss mitigation lead, owns each loan for the permanent modification after the November payment. The boarded record now agrees with the notice and the notes on all 186 fields, and the approval is on the record with its evidence.

Corrected and approved. Zero fields differ; the four scheduled harms are canceled; the approval names the transfer manager and the evidence. Step 4 still cites 1024.41(g); the rule for the first foreclosure filing is 1024.41(f)(2).

Nothing posts to the servicing system until a person approves it. Batch corrections above 25 loans need a second approver, the SVP of mortgage servicing; this one touches nine.

15 · Every screen

The rest of the tranche on ten screens: harm, notes, the queue, workouts, escrow, the payment window and sign-off

In shortOne loan is the story. These screens show the rest of the tranche: 371 loans with a difference laid out by category and by how soon the borrower would be hurt, the three causes behind most high-harm breaks, the old servicer's notes as a document, the queue ranked by harm, every inherited workout with its clock, the escrow wire and the bills due, the 60-day window, the certification, and the rules the team sets.

Documents and contact details make up most loans with a difference; workouts are the smallest group

The 371 loans with a difference in the example tranche, by category

Documents: 136Borrower contact and letters: 83Balances and terms: 64Payments and autopay: 41Escrow: 30In-flight workouts: 17
371loans
  • Documents136
  • Borrower contact and letters83
  • Balances and terms64
  • Payments and autopay41
  • Escrow30
  • In-flight workouts17

Fictional example from this guide · Fictional example. High harm by category: workouts 13, payments and autopay 14, escrow 6, balances and terms 5, contact and documents 0.

Show the numbers
PartValue
Documents136
Borrower contact and letters83
Balances and terms64
Payments and autopay41
Escrow30
In-flight workouts17
The tranche, by harm. 4,441 of 4,812 loans clean on day 11; the run step by step; and the 371 others by what differs and how soon the borrower is hurt: high within 30 days, medium within 90.
Three root causes. Three causes explain 25 of the 38 high-harm loans: plans kept only in notes, a late autopay file, and a wrong ARM column in the map.
The old servicer's notes. Six entries from July 22 to September 28, the two that prove the plan highlighted, as delivered with the transfer file.
The queue, ranked by harm. High first, soonest first: three late fees already charged inside the window, then the trial plans billed in full, each with its owner and a drafted correction.
One break, opened. The three values side by side, the link to the notes, when the borrower feels it, and the drafted correction to approve or reassign.
Every inherited workout. 67 in flight at transfer: 63 on Wrenhaven's list and 4 found by their trial-sized payments. Nine plans billed in full, four in the notes with no signed agreement to request from Wrenhaven, and 14 pending applications on the 30-day clock.
Escrow carried over. The $14,862,310.44 wire tied to the tape; six insurance bills due in the next 45 days with nothing scheduled; $4,695.25 sitting in the wire but not yet in the right borrowers' balances.
The 60-day window. 1,286 payments forwarded by Wrenhaven, three late fees ($217.44) to reverse, 11 autopay sign-ups to re-enroll before the November 1 draft, and 22 welcome letters held for an address check. The screen marks the window's end as November 30, which is wrong by a day: the rule's 60-day period begins on October 1, the date the first payment was due to Larkmoor, so its last day is November 29. The header's one-line summary is the product's: the rule protects a payment the old servicer received on or before its due date, grace period included.
Post-transfer certification. What was checked, then found, fixed and open by category. The transfer manager prepares it; the compliance officer signs when every high and medium item is closed.
The team's own rules. Harm thresholds, 186 fields and their tolerances, the regulatory deadlines, the escrow look-ahead and the approvers, versioned and on the audit trail. The payment window line is the product's shorthand: the rule protects only a payment the old servicer received on or before its due date, grace period included, during the 60 days beginning on the effective date of transfer.

Select any screen to open it larger. The servicers, borrowers, people, insurers and figures are fictional.

16 · Who approves

The transfer manager signs every correction; six agents do the reading, comparing and ranking

In shortEach agent has one job and limits it does not cross. None of them posts a correction, pays a bill, charges or waives a fee, reports to a credit bureau or changes a plan's terms. The transfer manager approves every correction, a second approver signs batches above 25 loans, owners act on their own queues, and compliance signs the certification.

Tape and image reader, field comparer and four more transfer agents

Tape and image reader

Reads the old servicer's data tape and splits the image bundles into documents (note, deed of trust, application, trial plan notice, escrow analysis, letters, payment history), each named to its loan by old and new loan numbers.

Never edits the old servicer's tape or images; re-keys a loan whose number differs and says so.

Field comparer

Compares 186 fields on every loan across the tape, the governing document and the boarded record, each with its own tolerance, and records all three values with their sources.

Never decides between two documents that disagree; it raises them.

Workout carry-over checker

Reads the old servicer's account notes and matches every trial plan, application, forbearance and modification to its agreement and the boarded record, including plans that never reached the tape, and finds trial-sized payments with no plan behind them.

Never changes a plan's terms; asks the old servicer for a missing agreement before anyone asks the borrower.

Escrow and disbursement checker

Ties the escrow wire to the tape, compares boarded escrow balances, and finds tax and insurance bills due in the look-ahead with nothing scheduled.

Never pays, cancels or force-places anything.

Payment and fee watcher

Watches payments sent to the old servicer in the 60-day window, late fees charged on them, the holding account and autopay sign-ups.

Never charges a fee and never reports to the credit bureaus.

Harm ranker and correction drafter

Ranks every difference by harm to the borrower and its date, groups differences that share a cause, and drafts each correction with its owner and the borrower letter.

Never posts a correction without a person's approval.

People decide; every break is cited

Approves correctionsTransfer managerApproves each correction, or a batch of the same correction, with the tape column, the page and the note beside it.
Second approverSVP, mortgage servicingApproves any correction that touches more than 25 loans.
Signs the certificationServicing compliance officerSigns the post-transfer certification for the investor and the exam file when every high and medium item is closed.

Loss mitigation, escrow and cash management each own their queues. Fee reversals, letters and approvals are on the activity trail, and changes to the rules are versioned.

Rhea Ormsby's transfer team on day 11

Fictional, from the sample data
RO

Rhea Ormsby · servicing transfer manager

Runs four transfers at once; on day 11 of a 4,812-loan purchase.

"I'd rather find it on day eleven than hear it from the borrower on day forty."
TQ

Tomás Quintero · loss mitigation lead

Owns every inherited trial plan and pending application.

"A trial plan is a contract. We honor it, whoever signed it."
JP

Janelle Price · escrow specialist

Pays taxes and insurance for 3,904 escrowed loans in the tranche.

"A lapsed policy is the worst letter a borrower can get from us."
HL

Hannah Liu · servicing compliance officer

Certifies each transfer to the investor and keeps the exam file.

"Show me that every loan was checked."
MB

Milo Barrowcliffe · SVP, mortgage servicing

Owns the acquisitions, and the complaints that follow them.

"Every loan we buy comes with promises someone else made."
17 · What goes in and out

The old servicer's tape, images and notes in; a ranked exception list and a signed certification out

In shortThe solution reads what the old servicer already sends and the records already boarded, writes nothing to the servicing system until a person approves, and leaves behind every break with its sources, the corrections and who approved them, the inherited workouts with their clocks, and the certification compliance signs.

From the old servicer

  • Data tape and transfer file, every row and column
  • Loan images and document bundles
  • Account notes, often millions of entries
  • Payment history and forwarded payments
  • The list of loans in a workout
  • The escrow wire

From your side

  • The records boarded in your servicing system
  • Your field set, tolerances and harm rules
  • Owners and approvers by category
  • Your investors' requirements
Agents read, compare and rank Every loan, 186 fields each, against the tape, the documents and the notes
A person approves every correction
Every break cites its sources

Outputs

  • Exception list ranked by harm to the borrower, then by date
  • Field-by-field report: tape, document, boarded value and source
  • Inherited workouts with their agreements and clocks
  • Corrections queue with owners and drafted borrower letters
  • Requests to the old servicer for missing documents
  • Post-transfer certification for the investor and the exam file

What changes for the team

  • Every loan checked, sample size no longer a question
  • Breaks arrive ranked, with the fix drafted
  • The exam file is built as the work is done

Systems a boarding reconciliation touches

Servicing system of recordBoarded records in, approved corrections out
Secure file transferTapes, image bundles and notes from the old servicer
Document managementNamed documents linked to each loan
Loss mitigation platformPlans, applications and their clocks
Escrow and tax servicePayees, due dates, disbursements
Payments and ACHForwarded payments, autopay sign-ups
Letters and mail houseWelcome letters and borrower notices
Identity and accessApprovers, second approvers, separation of duties

For each, check whether it has an API, a file feed, or only screens, and who owns it.

Your servicing system, data map and counterparties stay

Your servicing system

Stays the system of record. Approved corrections are posted through your normal process, with the approval and evidence attached.

Your data map

Kept. Breaks that share a cause point to the map field behind them, so the map is fixed once for the next tranche.

Your counterparties

Send the files they send today. Missing documents go back to their transfer coordinator as specific requests.

Your investors

Get a certification that lists what was checked on every loan, what was found and what was fixed.

Your examiners

Find every break with its sources and every correction with its approver, for the loans they sample.

Your borrowers

Keep their plans, payments and coverage, and get a letter when something about their account was fixed.

Three boarding rules: every field, notes count, people approve

1

Every loan, every field that can hurt

All 186 fields on every loan, because the harmful breaks are rare.

2

The notes and documents count

A workout in the notes and the signed notice outranks a blank on the tape.

3

Agents draft; people approve

Nothing posts, pays, charges, reports or changes a plan without a named person.

Part C · Are you ready to automate?

Deciding whether to automate transfer reconciliation: the costs, your return, your readiness and what to ask

You buy servicing, board it, or answer for what happens to borrowers after it arrives. This part is written for you: what transfer errors cost today, what checking every loan could return, whether your team is ready, and what to ask any vendor of boarding or reconciliation software, including us.

18 · What transfer errors cost

The price of a loan boarded wrong: redress, a costlier loan to service, and lost trust

In shortStart from your own numbers. No regulator or study publishes how often transferred loans board wrong or what a transfer costs to reconcile. A few published figures frame the size of the risk: what a loan costs to service once it goes bad, what the statute allows a class of borrowers to recover, and what regulators have ordered servicers to pay back.

$1,573

to service a non-performing loan in 2024, against $176 for a performing one. A boarding error that pushes a paying borrower into default moves the loan to the expensive column.33

MBA Servicing Operations Study, via MBA NewsLink
$2,000/borrower

in additional damages a court can award for a pattern of RESPA servicing violations, plus actual damages; in a class action, the class's additional damages are capped at the lesser of $1,000,000 or 1% of the servicer's net worth.10

12 U.S.C. 2605(f)
$48M

in restitution ordered in 2015 against a servicer that did not honor modifications borrowers had made with their prior servicers, beside a $15 million penalty.13

CFPB and FTC, April 21, 2015
A loan that slips into default costs about nine times as much to service

Fully loaded servicing cost per loan, 2024

Performing loanNon-performing loan
Cost to service per loan, 2024$176$1,573

Source 33 · MBA Servicing Operations Study and Forum, as charted by MBA NewsLink, July 28, 2025.

Show the numbers
Performing loanNon-performing loan
Cost to service per loan, 2024$176$1,573
What nobody publishes. There is no public figure for the share of transferred loans that board with an error, the share of those that harm a borrower, the staff hours a bulk transfer takes to reconcile, or the cost of remediating one harmed borrower. Vendor figures for these come without a dataset. Measure your own.

Logging transfer hours and late corrections in a week

CostWhere it hidesHow to find your number in a week
Staff time per transferSplitting images, comparing fields, chasing workouts, across four or five teamsAsk each team to log hours against your last transfer's exception list
Harmful breaks found lateFee reversals, credit-report corrections and plan re-boardings in months two to sixPull every correction posted on transferred loans in the six months after your last two transfers
Remediation per borrowerRefunds, staff time, letters, bureau disputes, sometimes a foreclosure reversalCost five recent remediation files end to end
Complaints and notices of errorComplaint logs tagged "payment" or "escrow" rather than "transfer"Count complaints and notices of error on loans boarded in the last year, by month since boarding
What your sample missesA clean quality-control sample on a tranche that was not cleanRe-check one past tranche on every loan for workouts, escrow and fees; compare with what the sample found
Exam and investor findingsTransfer findings in exam letters, investor reviews and auditsYour last two exam reports and investor reviews, transfer items only

Inherited servicing defects you pay for twice

The family who did everything rightA borrower paying the agreed trial amount who receives a late fee and a foreclosure letter from a company they never chose.
The next acquisitionInvestors and the FHFA weigh a buyer's operational capacity before approving large transfers.
Your price for the servicingDefects inherited with the rights are paid for twice: in the bid, and in the clean-up.
The examiner's sampleExaminers sample loans transferred in the last year; a pattern in that sample becomes a finding.
Your team's monthWeeks of chasing exceptions crowd out the next transfer's planning.
19 · Your return

Your return from checking every transferred loan: hours released and remediation avoided

In shortPut in your own numbers. The return has two parts: staff hours released from splitting files and comparing fields, and remediation avoided because harmful breaks are caught before the borrower is hurt. Every default below is illustrative, an assumption for you to replace.

Ranked breaks, honored plans and fees reversed before the statement

Staff time

People work a ranked list of breaks

Every field on every loan is compared before anyone starts; people work the ranked list.

loans boarded ÷ 1,000 × hours saved per 1,000 × hourly cost
Borrower harm

Plans honored before the first fee

Workouts found in notes and documents in the first days, ahead of the fee and the letter.

harmful breaks per 1,000 × share caught × cost per remediation
Escrow

No lapsed policy

Every bill due in the look-ahead checked for a scheduled payment on day one.

unscheduled bills found × cost of a lapse avoided
Payment window

Fees reversed before the statement

Late fees, autopay gaps and held payments found inside the 60 days.

fees and gaps found in week two × handling cost per complaint
The map

Fix the cause once

Breaks grouped by cause point to the map field, so the next tranche from the same seller boards right.

repeat breaks on the next tranche, before and after
Evidence

The certification builds itself

What was checked, found and fixed, loan by loan, for the investor and the examiner.

hours spent assembling transfer evidence

Your savings per 1,000 loans boarded

No public source gives any of these inputs. For a sense of pay, the BLS median wage for loan interviewers and clerks was $24.05 an hour in May 2025, before benefits.38 Every input marked illustrative is an assumption.

Your volume
Hours per 1,000 loans boarded
Borrower harm
Your cost
Illustrative yearly value
Reconciliation time today, valued$0
Staff time released, valued$0
Remediation avoided$0
After your yearly cost$0
Staff hours released a year0
Loans a year to cover your cost0

Formulas, per year:
Time today = loans ÷ 1,000 × hours today × hourly cost
Time released = loans ÷ 1,000 × (hours today − hours with automation) × hourly cost
Remediation avoided = loans ÷ 1,000 × harmful breaks × cost per borrower × share caught
After your cost = time released + remediation avoided − yearly cost
Break-even loans = yearly cost ÷ ((hours saved × hourly cost + harmful breaks × cost per borrower × share caught) ÷ 1,000)

Not counted: complaints and notices of error avoided, investor and exam findings, the price you can bid when you trust your boarding, and the cost of a lapsed policy or a wrongful foreclosure step. Released hours are value only when you decide what they are for: more transfers per team, faster boarding, or deeper monitoring.

At the calculator's defaults, the two halves of the return are equal and grow with volume

Yearly value before the tool's cost, by loans boarded from transfers

Staff time releasedRemediation avoided
10,000 loans a year$36K$36K
30,000 loans a year$108K$108K
60,000 loans a year$216K$216K

Illustrative · replace with your own numbers · Defaults above: 90 hours saved per 1,000 loans at $40, and 3 harmful breaks per 1,000 at $1,500 with 80% caught. At $150,000 a year the break-even is about 20,800 loans.

Show the numbers
Staff time releasedRemediation avoided
10,000 loans a year$36K$36K
30,000 loans a year$108K$108K
60,000 loans a year$216K$216K

A servicer that buys one bulk tranche of a few thousand loans a year will struggle to justify a tool on hours alone, and should weigh the harm half and the exam file. A servicer or subservicer boarding tens of thousands of loans a year, from many counterparties, sits well above the line on these assumptions. Replace them with your own.

Start here20 · Readiness check

A five-minute readiness score for your boarding team: eight questions and one to think about

In shortPick the answer closest to your team today. Eight questions score 0 to 2; the last is for reflection. The meter adds up your score as you go, and each question says why it matters and what a strong answer sounds like.

1
Volume

How many loans do you board from transfers in a year, counting bulk purchases, flow, co-issue and new subservicing clients?

Why it mattersVolume turns hours per 1,000 loans into a team's capacity, and every transfer restarts the clocks.
A strong answer"About 40,000 loans in eight transfers, from five counterparties."
2
What arrives with the loans

How many of your transferred loans arrive delinquent or in a workout?

Why it mattersWorkouts in flight are where transfers hurt borrowers and draw findings. A book of current fixed-rate loans gains less.
A strong answer"Three to five percent of each tranche is in a plan or an application; more in Ginnie Mae pools."
3
Your baseline

Do you know the hours your last transfer took to reconcile, and the corrections posted in the six months after it?

Why it mattersNo public benchmark exists, so your own baseline is the only proof of improvement.
A strong answer"About 900 hours across five teams, and 140 corrections in the following six months, 11 of them fee reversals."
4
How you check today

What does your post-boarding check compare, and on how many loans?

Why it mattersThis question scores the room to gain: a tape-to-system check on a sample passes a wrong tape, so the less your check covers today, the more checking every loan against its documents returns.
A strong answer"Tape to system on every loan, documents on a sample of 100, notes when someone remembers."
5
Findings

Have examiners, investors, auditors or borrowers raised transfer problems in the last two years?

Why it mattersFindings bring deadlines and budget. Examiners sample loans "transferred within the previous year".16
A strong answer"An investor review found two inherited forbearance plans billed in full; we remediated both."
6
Files and systems

Do you receive the tape, the images and the old servicer's notes electronically, and can software read your boarded records?

Why it mattersThe notes are the source most often missing from the check. Without them, plans kept in notes stay invisible.
A strong answer"All three by secure transfer, and our servicing system has an extract we can schedule."
7
Owner and budget

Is there one named owner of transfers, from deal to certification, with a budget to change how it is done?

Why it mattersA transfer crosses boarding, loss mitigation, escrow, cash, compliance and IT. Without one owner the exceptions sit between teams.
A strong answer"Our head of servicing operations owns it, and the next acquisition's budget can carry it."
8
Governance

Do you have a way to approve AI in servicing: vendor due diligence, a view on your investors' AI requirements, human approval and an audit trail?

Why it mattersFreddie Mac's AI governance requirements took effect in March 2026, and the responsibility for a vendor's work stays with you.36,37
A strong answer"Vendor management and compliance have a path for AI tools, and every correction needs a named approver."
9
Vision · for reflection

If an examiner picked ten loans from your last transfer tomorrow, what would have to be true for you to show, for each, what was checked and where every value came from?

Why it mattersYour answer lists the gaps. Each gap is a job for software or for a policy: reading notes, linking pages, recording approvals.
A strong answerA short, specific list, for example: "every loan compared, every workout matched to its agreement, every correction with an approver and a date."

Transfer readiness: measure, pilot or plan the next tranche

0–6

Explore

Measure one past transfer first: hours by team, corrections in the following six months, complaints by month since boarding. Start narrow, for example by reading the old servicer's notes for workouts on every loan in the next tranche.

7–11

Ready to pilot

Re-reconcile a past tranche on every loan, with planted errors in a copy, then run the next transfer in parallel with your current check. Compare catches, false alarms and staff hours, and keep your people approving every correction.

12–16

Ready to implement

Plan every counterparty's file format, your field set and tolerances, approvers and second approvers, the servicing system extract and correction path, and the certification your investors and examiners will read.

21 · Questions for any vendor

What to ask a loan boarding or transfer reconciliation vendor, in seventeen questions

In shortAsk every vendor the same questions, us included. The answers show what the tool reads, what it compares against, how it treats workouts and the payment window, what evidence you keep, who approves, and how you would measure it on your own transfer files.

AskA good answerA warning sign
What it reads
Does it compare the tape with the documents and the old servicer's notes, or only with what boarded?All three, with the source of each value shown"We validate the load against the tape"
How does it split and name image bundles, and what does it do with a page it cannot place?Names each document to its loan by old and new numbers; asks about the restLeaves unplaced pages in a folder
Can it read millions of note entries, and what does it look for in them?Plans, applications, promises and payments, each linked to the noteNotes are out of scope
Workouts and the payment window
How does it find a trial plan that is not on the tape?From the notes, the signed notice and trial-sized payments in the historyOnly from the seller's workout list
Does it track 1024.41(k) deadlines for every pending application and appeal?Each on its own clock from the transfer dateA single 30-day reminder for the tranche
How does it treat payments the old servicer received in the 60-day window?Finds fees and late status on them, with the receipt dateRelies on the payment system's own date
Does it check autopay sign-ups and escrow bills due in the next weeks?Every sign-up against the next draft; every bill against a scheduled paymentEscrow balances only
Ranking and evidence
How are differences ranked?By harm to the borrower and the date it lands, with thresholds you setBy count, or by field family
Does every difference carry the tape column, the page and the note?Yes, one click from the valueA confidence score in place of a source
Does it group differences by cause and point to the map field behind them?Root causes with the loans they explainA flat list of thousands of rows
Control
Can anything post to the servicing system without a person's approval?No; batches above a size you set need a second approverAuto-correction above a confidence level
Who asks the old servicer for a missing document, and is it recorded?A drafted request to their transfer coordinator, on the record, before any borrower is askedBorrower outreach by default
Who can change fields, tolerances and harm rules, and are changes versioned?Named owners; versioned; on the audit trailAny user, unrecorded
Your data and AI
Which AI models do you use, where do they run, and does our data train them?Named models, a region you choose, no training on your data, in writing"Proprietary AI", no more detail
How does the tool support our investors' AI governance requirements?Documentation you can hand to compliance, mapped to the requirement"That's your policy"
Proof
Can we test it on a past tranche of ours, with errors we plant, before we sign?Yes, blind, counting false alarms on clean loans tooDemo files only
What will you report from the test?Catches by error type with the number planted, false alarms, staff hoursOne accuracy percentage

We found no published independent test of any boarding or reconciliation vendor's accuracy, as of October 2026. A planted-error test on one of your own past tranches is the fairest comparison, and the same test measures your current process.

22 · How to start

A twelve-week pilot: one past tranche re-checked, one live transfer run side by side

In shortMeasure a past transfer first, test on a copy of it with errors you planted, then run the next live transfer in parallel and decide on four numbers. None of these steps commits you to a vendor.

  1. Measure your last transfer: hours by team, corrections posted in the six months after it, complaints and notices of error by month since boarding.
  2. Pick one past tranche with its tape, images, the old servicer's notes and your boarded records, and an approval path to share them.
  3. Plant known errors in a copy: plans blanked on the tape, a wrong map field, a missing escrow payee, a fee inside the window, an autopay sign-up dropped.
  4. Run the next live transfer in parallel with your current check, with your people approving every correction.
  5. Decide on four numbers: catches by error type, false alarms, staff hours, and days from transfer date to a ranked exception list.
A twelve-week pilot ends with a decision on four numbers
Your teamVendor
Measure the last transfer
Choose a past tranche; plant errors in a copy
Load your fields, tolerances and harm rules
Reconcile the copy blind
Next live transfer in parallel
Score catches, false alarms, hours
Decide
Week 04812

Illustrative · replace with your own numbers

Show the numbers
ActivityFromTo
Measure the last transfer02
Choose a past tranche; plant errors in a copy14
Load your fields, tolerances and harm rules25
Reconcile the copy blind46
Next live transfer in parallel610
Score catches, false alarms, hours911
Decide1112

Pilot measures: catches, false alarms, days to a ranked list

MeasureHowWhy
Catches by error typePlanted errors found ÷ planted, per type, with the number plantedOne percentage hides the missed trial plan
False alarmsBreaks raised on loans you know are clean, in reviewer minutesA check that flags everything catches every plant
Staff hoursHours by team from file arrival to certificationThe time half of the return rests on it
Days to a ranked listTransfer date to a complete, ranked exception listThe 30-day and 60-day clocks are already running
Harm caught before it landsHigh-harm breaks closed before their date ÷ high-harm breaks foundThe borrower half of the return
The full working-session questions: 18 questions in six groups

Bring boarding, data quality, loss mitigation, escrow, cash management, compliance, vendor management and IT into one room. Each question says why it matters, what a strong answer looks like, and the warning sign.

A

Loans boarded by counterparty and deal type

A1

How many loans did we board from transfers last year, by counterparty and by deal type?

Why it mattersCounterparties with their own file formats set the set-up work.
Strong answer · warning sign
A table by counterparty and type.
One total, nobody sure of the mix.
A2

What share arrived delinquent, in a plan or with an application pending?

Why it mattersWorkouts in flight are where harm concentrates.
Strong answer · warning sign
Counts per tranche.
"The seller's list would say."
A3

Who approves corrections today, and at what size does a second person sign?

Why it mattersApproval limits become settings.
Strong answer · warning sign
Written limits by role.
"Whoever is on the call."
B

Notes, documents and image bundles from the old servicer

B1

Do our purchase agreements require the old servicer's notes and all documents by the transfer date?

Why it mattersThe 2014 bulletin names contracts that require everything at boarding.12
Strong answer · warning sign
A clause, enforced.
Documents trickle in for weeks.
B2

Which counterparties send one large PDF per loan, and which send named documents?

Why it mattersSplitting and naming is a large share of the hours.
Strong answer · warning sign
Known per counterparty.
Found out on the transfer date.
B3

Do we use a common format such as MISMO's servicing transfer templates?

Why it mattersA shared format shortens mapping and testing.8
Strong answer · warning sign
Adopted with our main sellers.
A new map per deal.
C

Your post-boarding sample and what it misses

C1

What does our post-boarding check compare, and what sample size do we use?

Why it mattersA 100-loan sample finds a nine-loan problem about one time in six.
Strong answer · warning sign
Written, with the reasoning.
"We always do 100."
C2

Re-check one past tranche on every loan for workouts, escrow and fees: what did the original check miss?

Why it mattersIt is the cheapest way to size the problem.
Strong answer · warning sign
Done, with counts by family.
"Our boarding is clean."
C3

How do we rank exceptions today?

Why it mattersRanking by count works the custody codes first.
Strong answer · warning sign
By harm and date.
By team, first come first served.
D

Extracting boarded fields and posting corrections

D1

Can we extract every boarded field on every transferred loan on a schedule?

Why it mattersThe comparison needs the boarded side in full.
Strong answer · warning sign
A scheduled extract.
Screen prints.
D2

How do approved corrections reach the servicing system today?

Why it mattersSets the integration and the approval record.
Strong answer · warning sign
A batch upload with an audit record.
Keyed by hand from a spreadsheet.
D3

Where do workout clocks live: the servicing system, a loss mitigation platform, a spreadsheet?

Why it mattersThe 30-day clocks must be visible on day one.
Strong answer · warning sign
One system, with the transfer date.
A spreadsheet per deal.
E

Investor AI rules and vendor review for boarding

E1

What do our investors' guides now require of AI tools we use?

Why it mattersFreddie Mac's requirements took effect March 3, 2026.36
Strong answer · warning sign
Mapped by compliance.
Not yet read.
E2

What does vendor management need before a pilot sees borrower data?

Why it mattersDue diligence is yours.37
Strong answer · warning sign
A known path and timeline.
First time anyone has asked.
E3

Who sponsors the change, and which acquisition's budget can carry it?

Why it mattersA pilot without a sponsor ends as a demonstration.
Strong answer · warning sign
A named executive.
No sponsor.
F

A ranked exception list by day three

F1

What if every transfer had a ranked exception list by day three?

Why it mattersTests the appetite for a standard ahead of the 15-day letters.
Strong answer · warning sign
"We would fix before the first statement."
"The teams couldn't absorb it."
F2

What if we priced servicing knowing the defects in a seller's files?

Why it mattersLinks reconciliation to the bid.
Strong answer · warning sign
Run it on the seller's sample before close.
Out of scope.
F3

Which steps would we never let software take without a person?

Why it mattersTells you where the approvals belong.
Strong answer · warning sign
Posting, paying, fees, letters, plan terms, certification.
"All of it": then start with reading and ranking.
23 · Frequently asked questions

Mortgage servicing transfers: frequently asked questions

In shortThe questions servicers and borrowers search for most, each answered on its own.

What is servicing transfer reconciliation?

Servicing transfer reconciliation is checking, after mortgage servicing moves from one company to another, that every boarded loan matches what the old servicer had and owed the borrower: balances, rate and terms, escrow, payment history, fees, autopay, contacts and any workout in progress. A thorough check compares the old servicer's data tape with the signed documents, the old servicer's account notes and the new servicer's boarded record, on every loan.

What is loan boarding in mortgage servicing?

Loan boarding is loading transferred or newly originated loans into a servicer's system so it can bill, collect, pay escrow bills and report on them. In a transfer, boarding happens on the transfer date from the old servicer's data tape and document images. Errors made in mapping the tape to the new system's fields are a common source of transfer problems.

What are the goodbye and hello letters in a mortgage servicing transfer?

Under RESPA and 12 CFR 1024.33, the old servicer must notify the borrower at least 15 days before the transfer takes effect, and the new servicer no more than 15 days after; they may send one combined notice at least 15 days before. The notice must give the effective date, both companies' contact details, the last and first days each accepts payments, and a statement that the loan's terms do not change.

What is the 60-day grace period after a mortgage servicing transfer?

For 60 days beginning on the effective date of transfer, the day the borrower's payment is first due to the new servicer, a payment the old servicer received on or before its due date, including any grace period, cannot be charged a late fee or treated as late for any purpose. The old servicer must forward such a payment to the new servicer or return it to the borrower with the new servicer's details. The protection does not cover a payment that was never made, such as an automatic draft that did not carry over.

What does 12 CFR 1024.38(b)(4) require?

Section 1024.38(b)(4) of Regulation X requires the old servicer's policies to ensure it transfers all information and documents it holds, accurately and on time, and the new servicer's policies to ensure it identifies documents or information that may not have been transferred and obtains them from the old servicer. The official interpretation's example is a borrower whose payments look like a trial or permanent modification with no agreement in the file. Loss mitigation status and agreements are expressly included.

What happens to a loan modification or trial plan when the servicing is transferred?

A loan modification or trial plan continues after a servicing transfer. Regulation X carries pending applications, appeals and open offers to the new servicer, which must evaluate complete applications within 30 days of the transfer date, and Fannie Mae requires transferees to honor arrangements the previous servicer made with borrowers. CFPB examiners have treated failures to honor in-place trial modifications after a transfer as unfair practices.

Can a new mortgage servicer charge a late fee after a transfer?

A new servicer can charge a late fee only on a payment that was actually late. Within the 60-day window, a payment the old servicer received on time cannot carry a late fee even though it reached the new servicer later. Outside that protection, a fee the servicer lacks a reasonable basis to impose is an error a borrower can dispute under 12 CFR 1024.35.

What happens to my escrow account when my mortgage servicer changes?

The escrow balance moves to the new servicer, which must keep paying taxes and insurance on time as long as the payment is no more than 30 days overdue. If the new servicer changes the monthly payment or the accounting method, it must send an initial escrow statement within 60 days of the transfer; the old servicer sends a short-year statement within 60 days.

Is the CFPB's servicing transfer guidance still in effect in 2026?

Yes, the CFPB's servicing transfer bulletins remain in effect. The CFPB withdrew 67 guidance documents on May 12, 2025, but neither the 2014 servicing transfer bulletin nor Bulletin 2020-02 was on the list. The CFPB's July 2026 mortgage servicing examination procedures still begin with a module on servicing and loan ownership transfers and cite both bulletins.

What do Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae require before a servicing transfer?

Each requires approval in advance. Fannie Mae wants Form 629 at least 60 days before the earlier of the sale or transfer date (30 days for subservicing); Freddie Mac wants the transfer request and agreement 45 to 60 days before the effective date; Ginnie Mae wants notice at least 90 days before the effective reporting date for single-family pools and prior written approval of every transfer.

How many mortgage servicing rights are sold each year?

Inside Mortgage Finance counted $211.18 billion of agency servicing rights moving in bulk sales in the fourth quarter of 2025, up 50.4% from the third, and $164.28 billion in the first quarter of 2026. It reported bulk sales in the first half of 2026 up 30.8% on a year earlier. Later 2026 totals are not published freely.

Why do servicing transfers go wrong?

Servicing transfers go wrong because the data moves in pieces: a tape mapped field by field, image files, account notes, payment histories and separate lists, often from systems that do not match. Regulators keep finding workouts that never reached the new system, documents sent after boarding, autopay that did not carry over and data rejected by the new platform. A check that compares only the tape with the boarded record passes a tape that was wrong to begin with.

How large should a post-boarding quality control sample be?

No rule sets a sample size for post-boarding quality control. The arithmetic shows why samples struggle: if 9 loans in a 4,812-loan tranche carry a plan that did not board, a random sample of 100 contains one of them only about 17% of the time, and 95% confidence needs about 1,360 loans. Errors that are rare and harmful are found by checking every loan on the fields that can hurt a borrower.

Can AI check a mortgage servicing transfer?

AI can split and name image files, compare every field on every loan, read the old servicer's notes for workouts and rank differences by harm, which makes checking every loan practical. Its accuracy should be measured on your own past transfer with errors you plant. A person should still approve every correction, ask the old servicer for missing documents and sign the certification.

24 · One-page summary

Servicing transfer reconciliation: one-page summary

Print this page

In shortThe whole guide on one screen: the method, the rules as of October 2026, the readiness bands and the terms.

The method
  1. Require everything by the transfer date: tape, images, notes, payment history, workout list, escrow wire.
  2. Split and name every page to its loan; re-key loans whose numbers changed.
  3. Compare every field that can hurt a borrower on every loan: tape, documents and notes, and the boarded record.
  4. Rank differences by harm and date; group them by cause and fix the map once.
  5. Ask the old servicer for missing documents before asking the borrower.
  6. Approve every correction; second approval for batches; certify when high and medium items are closed; monitor four to six months.

Readiness: eight questions scored 0–2 each; 0–6 explore · 7–11 pilot · 12–16 implement.

As of October 2026: 1024.33, 1024.38(b)(4), 1024.41(k) and 1024.17 in force · CFPB Bulletins 2014-01 and 2020-02 active · CFPB exam procedures July 2026 · Fannie Mae A2-7-03 dated May 13, 2026 · loss mitigation rewrite proposed 2024, not final · SR 26-2 replaced SR 11-7 on April 17, 2026.

14 terms
Servicer
The company that collects payments, runs escrow and works with borrowers who fall behind.
MSR
Mortgage servicing rights: the right to service a loan and earn the fee, sold separately from the loan.
Subservicer
A company hired by the rights holder to do the servicing work.
Transferor · transferee
The servicer handing loans over, and the one taking them on.
Transfer date
The first day the new servicer accepts payments; the loss mitigation clocks run from it. The letters and the 60-day window run from the effective date of transfer, the day the first payment is due to the new servicer, often the same day.
Data tape
The old servicer's file of loan data, one row per loan.
Boarding
Loading transferred loans into the new servicer's system.
Goodbye · welcome letter
The notices 15 days before and 15 days after the transfer.
60-day window
When an on-time payment sent to the old servicer cannot be treated as late.
Trial period plan
Reduced payments for a few months before a permanent modification.
In-flight loss mitigation
A workout under way at transfer: a plan, an application, an appeal or an offer.
Suspense
A holding account for money not yet applied, such as a partial payment.
Escrow
Money collected with each payment to pay property taxes and insurance.
Post-transfer certification
The signed record of what was checked, found, fixed and still open.
25 · Sources

Sources

Accessed October 2026. Regulatory status statements are as of October 2026.

  1. CFPB Bulletin 2020-02, "Compliance Bulletin and Policy Guidance: Handling of Information and Documents During Mortgage Servicing Transfers", April 24, 2020, with Appendix A. files.consumerfinance.gov
  2. 12 CFR 1024.38, General servicing policies, procedures, and requirements, including (b)(4) and (c)(2), with official interpretation. consumerfinance.gov
  3. 12 CFR 1024.41, Loss mitigation procedures, including (f), (g) and (k), with official interpretation. consumerfinance.gov
  4. Fannie Mae Servicing Guide, A2-7-03, Post-Delivery Servicing Transfers (05/13/2026). servicing-guide.fanniemae.com
  5. Ginnie Mae, MBS Guide 5500.3 Rev. 1, Chapter 21, "Transfer and Pledges" (parts effective November 8, 2018 and April 14, 2025). ginniemae.gov
  6. 12 CFR 1024.33, Mortgage servicing transfers (Regulation X), with official interpretation. consumerfinance.gov
  7. CFPB, Supervisory Highlights: Mortgage Servicing Special Edition, Issue 11, June 2016, section 3.5 "Servicing transfers". files.consumerfinance.gov
  8. Freddie Mac, Servicing Portfolio Transfer Checklist (Single-Family Seller/Servicer Guide Chapter 7101), read October 2026. sf.freddiemac.com
  9. 12 CFR 1026.39, Mortgage transfer disclosures (Regulation Z). consumerfinance.gov
  10. 12 U.S.C. 2605, Servicing of mortgage loans and administration of escrow accounts (RESPA section 6). law.cornell.edu
  11. CFPB, "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau reminds mortgage servicers of legal protections for consumers when transferring loans", February 2013. consumerfinance.gov
  12. CFPB Bulletin 2014-01, "Compliance Bulletin and Policy Guidance: Mortgage Servicing Transfers", August 19, 2014. files.consumerfinance.gov
  13. CFPB, "CFPB and Federal Trade Commission take action against Green Tree Servicing for mistreating borrowers trying to save their homes", April 21, 2015. consumerfinance.gov
  14. CFPB, Amendments to the 2013 Mortgage Rules under RESPA (Regulation X) and TILA (Regulation Z), 81 FR 72160, October 19, 2016 (most provisions effective October 19, 2017). federalregister.gov
  15. CFPB, "Interpretive Rules, Policy Statements, and Advisory Opinions; Withdrawal", 90 FR, May 12, 2025 (list of 67 withdrawn documents). govinfo.gov
  16. CFPB, Mortgage Servicing Examination Procedures, July 2026, Module 1 "Servicing and Loan Ownership Transfers". files.consumerfinance.gov
  17. Bradley Arant Boult Cummings, Financial Services Perspectives, "CFPB's 2026 Regulatory Agenda: Changes Are Coming for Mortgage Lenders and Servicers", July 2026. financialservicesperspectives.com
  18. 12 CFR 1024.17, Escrow accounts, including (e), (i)(4) and (k). consumerfinance.gov
  19. 12 CFR 1024.35, Error resolution procedures. consumerfinance.gov
  20. ICE Mortgage Technology, "Safeguarding the customer experience amid complex servicing transfers", December 5, 2023. mortgagetech.ice.com
  21. MBA NewsLink, "MISMO Releases Loan Boarding Dataset to Solve for Costly Errors Occurring Servicing Transfer", October 6, 2025. newslink.mba.org
  22. CFPB, "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, multiple states enter settlement with Nationstar Mortgage LLC for unlawful servicing practices", December 7, 2020. consumerfinance.gov
  23. CFPB, "CFPB sues Ocwen for failing borrowers throughout mortgage servicing process", April 20, 2017 (allegations). consumerfinance.gov
  24. National Mortgage News, "Ocwen once again victorious over CFPB in federal court", May 3, 2023. nationalmortgagenews.com
  25. FHFA Office of Inspector General, "Compliance Review of FHFA's Review Process for Transfers of Enterprise Mortgage Servicing Rights", COM-2018-001, February 6, 2018. fhfaoig.gov
  26. MBA NewsLink, "MSR Transfers Increase During Fourth Quarter" (Inside Mortgage Finance, January 28, 2026), posted February 2, 2026. newslink.mba.org
  27. Inside Mortgage Finance, "Bulk Agency MSR Sales Slow Down After 4Q Mergers", April 20, 2026 (free preview). insidemortgagefinance.com
  28. Inside Mortgage Finance, "MSR Transfers Increase in 2Q, UWM's Sales Spike", July 24, 2026 (free preview). insidemortgagefinance.com
  29. Financial Stability Oversight Council, 2025 Annual Report, "Nonbank Mortgage Companies". home.treasury.gov
  30. ABA Banking Journal, "Survey: Customers want trust and support from mortgage servicers" (J.D. Power 2022 U.S. Mortgage Servicer Satisfaction Study), August 2, 2022. bankingjournal.aba.com
  31. Cotality, "5 takeaways from MBA Servicing 2026", March 2, 2026. cotality.com
  32. MBA National Delinquency Survey, second quarter 2026, as reported August 13, 2026; second quarter 2025 from MBA NewsLink. safeguardproperties.com · newslink.mba.org
  33. MBA NewsLink, "Chart of the Week: Cost of Servicing Performing and Non-Performing Loans" (MBA Servicing Operations Study and Forum), July 28, 2025. newslink.mba.org
  34. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit, 2026 Q2, August 2026. newyorkfed.org
  35. Federal Reserve SR 26-2, OCC Bulletin 2026-13 and FDIC FIL-15-2026, "Revised Guidance on Model Risk Management", April 17, 2026. federalreserve.gov
  36. Freddie Mac, Guide Bulletin 2025-16, December 3, 2025 (AI/ML governance, Sections 1302.2 and 1302.8, effective March 3, 2026). guide.freddiemac.com
  37. Federal Reserve, FDIC and OCC, "Interagency Guidance on Third-Party Relationships: Risk Management", 88 FR 37920, June 9, 2023; proposed replacement, 91 FR 58536, September 15, 2026. federalregister.gov · federalregister.gov (2026 proposal)
  38. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025, Loan Interviewers and Clerks (43-4131), read through the BLS public data API. bls.gov API
Next step

See it on your own transfer files.

Explore the solution, or bring the tape, a sample of image bundles and the prior servicer's notes from one of your recent transfers, and we will reconcile them with you, every break cited to its column, page or note.

botminds.ai The complete guide to mortgage servicing transfer reconciliation · October 2026. Larkmoor Loan Servicing, Wrenhaven Home Loans, the Arreolas and every other borrower, person, servicer, insurer and figure in the example and the screens are fictional. Regulatory status is as of October 2026; check the sources before relying on it.