SystemRisk Management & ALM

Liquidity Risk Monitoring

Liquidity risk monitoring that names the accounts behind every move: 18 early warning indicators explained and cited before 7:30 a.m., and one decision for the Treasurer, on the record

Every morning, each liquidity move explained by the accounts behind it, before 7:30 a.m.

See one case, screen by screen ↓
target18of 18early warning indicators recomputed, explained and cited before 7:30 a.m. every business day
demo72%of a $1.06 billion three-day drop in uninsured commercial deposits traced to eleven named clients and their payments, on the sample data
demo61dayssurvival horizon under the combined stress scenario, against a 45-day minimum; 54 if the eleven clients move the rest, on the sample data
typical$42bnwithdrawn from one bank by its depositors in a single day in March 2023
In short

What is Liquidity Risk Monitoring?

Liquidity Risk Monitoring is a liquidity risk monitoring system for a bank's treasury and second-line risk teams. Every morning its agents recompute the early warning indicators, the stress survival horizon and internal LCR-style and NSFR-style ratios, name the accounts and payment flows behind each move with the records cited, and put one decision in front of the Treasurer: watch, escalate or act. The analyst confirms the facts, the Treasurer decides with a reason, and the Liquidity Risk Officer checks any escalation.

AI use cases in banking: a buyer's guide to agentic AI for bank and credit union operations →

Updated

The problem

Why liquidity risk monitoring still says what moved, but not who moved it

Liquidity risk monitoring at most banks is still put together by hand each morning: balances from the core banking system, payments from the payments hub, the general ledger tie-out, stress cash flows from the ALM model, and a spreadsheet of early warning indicators. The note that reaches the Treasurer mid-morning says deposits are down, but rarely who moved the money or where it went. Uninsured, concentrated deposits can leave in hours: in March 2023 one bank's depositors withdrew $42 billion in a single day.

Finding who moved means tracing payments one client at a time. The contingency funding plan names its triggers, but the stage 1 notice is written from scratch on the bad day, and a decision not to escalate is rarely written down, which is exactly what examiners ask to see. Liquidity Risk Monitoring puts seven agents in front of that work. They recompute, explain and draft; the analyst confirms the facts, the Treasurer decides, and the Liquidity Risk Officer checks.

demo1.41million paymentsthrough the payments hub in one day at the bank in the working solution: what someone tracing an outflow by hand has to search
demo$27.5bnof uninsured deposits, 38.4% of all deposits, at the bank in the working solution: the money that can move fastest
Where the hours of a morning with a tripped indicator goestimated
By hand11 hours
With the solution1.2 hours
  • Pulling balances from the core and tying deposits to the general ledger1.5 → 0.1 h
  • Recomputing the early warning indicators in the spreadsheet1.5 → 0.1 h
  • Tracing the outflow through the payments hub to clients and channels3 → 0.3 h
  • Re-running the survival horizon and a what-if with the ALM team2 → 0.2 h
  • Writing the note to the Treasurer and recording the decision1 → 0.3 h
  • Drafting the contingency funding plan's stage 1 notice2 → 0.3 h

Estimated split of the hours between the overnight data and a decision on one tripped indicator, by hand and with the agents. Our arithmetic, kept modest; the working solution records the real times on its trail.

How it works

How an overnight move becomes a recorded decision

Agents recompute, trace and draft; the analyst confirms, the Treasurer decides, the second line checks.

What comes in
Every morning18 indicators · core, payments hub, GL, ALM model
Agents at work
Feed Stewardfiles and GL tie-out
Monitorindicators and horizon
Then
Concentrationcohorts and top 50
Then
Explaineraccounts and flows, cited
Then
Escalationstage 1 on standby
Record KeeperALCO and examiners
A person decides
Analyst, Treasurer, Liquidity Risk Officerconfirm, decide, check
What comes out
Decision with reason
Checked stage 1 notice
Examiner pack
One case, step by step

One tripped indicator, from the 7:30 a.m. note to a decision on the record

Thursday, October 22, 2026, at Corvane National Bank, a fictional US regional bank of about $92 billion in assets. The data is as of the October 21 close: 4.2 million deposit accounts and 1.41 million payments. Here is the morning, screen by screen in the working solution.

  1. 017:30 a.m.

    One sentence, then 18 early warning indicators

    Owen Castellano · Treasury Risk Analyst

    Before he arrives, the agents have recomputed all 18 early warning indicators from the core, the payments hub, the general ledger, the treasury management system and the ALM model. Each is one thin line read the same way: the dot is today, the ring is the earlier value, ticks mark the warning level and the limit, and the value is written in words. Today 15 are within, one is past warning, one has tripped, and discount window capacity is marked Stale because the collateral file is late.

    Liquidity is sound; one indicator tripped overnight.

  2. 026:55 to 7:18 a.m.

    The tripped line opens the cohort behind the move

    Monitor · Concentration

    Uninsured commercial deposits fell $1.06 billion (4.1%) in three days, from $25.85 billion to $24.79 billion, past the 3.0% limit. The Concentration agent finds where it sits, with confidence 0.97: technology clients fell $0.94 billion, 9.6%, and every other sector moved less than 1%. Beside it is the agents' run, step by step, each with its time, its finding and its confidence, ending in the hand-off to the analyst.

  3. 037:10 a.m.

    Eleven clients, 72% of the outflow

    Explainer

    The Explainer traced 2,614 payments to eleven technology clients who moved $763 million, 72% of the drop, with $1.55 billion still on deposit. Names are hidden by default; a permitted role shows them with a logged reason, and each line gives the amount moved, the channel and the relationship manager. The largest, Halvern Robotics, moved $214 million.

  4. 04One click

    Every statement opens the record behind it

    Explainer

    A citation opens the payments hub settlement record with the passage highlighted: $214,000,000.00 swept on October 20 at 5:02 p.m. to a third-party government money market fund, after the sweep instruction was changed on October 19 at 2:06 p.m. The account shows only its last four digits.

  5. 057:52 a.m.

    Where the money went, and the common thread

    Owen Castellano · Treasury Risk Analyst

    Sweeps to money market funds took $402 million, wires to 14 other banks, none under stress, $431 million, Treasury bill purchases through custody $164 million, and payroll, taxes and operating payments $63 million. With confidence 0.82, the Explainer finds that 7 of the 11 list the same lead investor, which asked its companies on October 19 to hold no more than two months of cash at any one bank. Owen confirms the facts, the maker step, and they go to the Treasurer.

    Below 70% confidence, the Explainer shows a cause as a question for a person, never as fact.

  6. 06What-if

    Liquidity stress testing on the named clients

    Monitor

    The survival horizon under the combined stress scenario is 61 days, down from 64, against a 45-day minimum and a 55-day warning level. If the eleven move their remaining $1.55 billion this week, it falls to 54 days; if technology uninsured deposits run off 60% in 10 days, to 48; and without the discount window, to 36, under the minimum. The LCR-style and NSFR-style ratios, 118% and 121%, are labeled internal measures.

  7. 078:21 a.m.

    Watch, escalate or act, with a reason code

    Helena Marsh · Corporate Treasurer

    The agents suggest Watch, with relationship calls by noon, and say when to escalate instead: if E11 passes its limit or the horizon falls under 55 days. Act would use contingent funding now and needs the CFO's approval and the Liquidity Risk Officer's check. Helena chooses Watch, reason code Explained and contained, with a re-check at 2:00 p.m.

    Outflows trace to one investor's guidance to its portfolio companies. Horizon 61 days against 45, no market signal. Calls to all eleven by noon; re-check at 2 p.m.; escalate if E11 trips.

  8. 08Recorded

    A decision that cannot be edited

    Record Keeper

    Decision D-2026-1022-01 carries the facts, nine citations, who confirmed them and the agents' versions: Explainer prompt v2.7, Monitor v3.4. Eleven relationship calls go to four relationship managers, each with a brief, the intraday watch moves to every 15 minutes, and the record goes to ALCO.

  9. 09On standby

    The stage 1 notice, drafted and not sent

    Escalation

    Because E04 tripped and E11 is past its warning level, the Escalation agent drafted the contingency funding plan's stage 1 notice at 7:04 a.m., with its recipients and stage 1 actions such as outreach to the top 50 depositors within one business day and pre-positioning $1.5 billion more collateral at the discount window. It goes only if the Treasurer escalates and Rafael Ibarra, the Liquidity Risk Officer, checks it.

    The Escalation agent never sends a notice.

  10. 1012:05 p.m.

    Call outcomes come back to the decision

    Explainer

    Eight of the eleven clients were reached; the three not reached by noon were escalated to the relationship managers' manager. Five describe operating moves or diversification under investor guidance, two are moving cash for yield, and one plans to move a further $40 million. The outcomes join the decision record for the 2:00 p.m. re-check.

Who it’s for

Built for the people who answer for the bank's liquidity.

The same tripped indicator, seen by the five people who carry it: what their morning looked like, and what it looks like now.

OC
Owen CastellanoTreasury risk analyst · confirms the facts before the Treasurer decides
Treasury Risk Analyst
Before
Builds the morning view by hand from the core, the payments hub and a spreadsheet, then works out who moved the money one client at a time.
Now
Opens a 7:30 a.m. note with the move already traced to the clients and channels behind it, checks the citations, and confirms the facts by 8:15 a.m.
HM
Helena MarshTreasurer · decides watch, escalate or act
Corporate Treasurer
Before
Gets a mid-morning report that says deposits are down, and has to ask who moved and why before she can decide.
Now
Decides on confirmed facts with the survival horizon and its what-ifs beside them, and records the reason code and the reason in the same step.
RI
Rafael IbarraSecond line · checks every escalation and limit change
Liquidity Risk Officer
Before
Hears about a trip after the fact and pieces the decision together from email and spreadsheets.
Now
Checks the stage 1 notice before it goes, approves or returns every limit change, and sees the limit, the reading and who decided what on one record.
DO
Diane OkonkwoCFO · chairs ALCO and approves any funding action
Chief Financial Officer · ALCO chair
Before
Wants one liquidity number that treasury and risk both trust.
Now
Receives every decision with its reason and the weekly ALCO liquidity summary, and sees depositor cohorts rather than client names.
GL
Grace LindqvistInternal audit · tests the liquidity program twice a year
Internal Audit · Treasury and ALM
Before
Assembles the indicator history, the limits, the decisions and the reasons from email and spreadsheets for every exam request.
Now
Builds an export pack for OCC examiners in one step: readings with sources, decisions with reasons, limit changes with approvals, redacted and hashed.
Built on the engine

7 agents. Each with one job, and hard limits.

Agents recompute, trace and draft; the analyst confirms, the Treasurer decides, the second line checks.

Monitor

Recomputes the 18 early warning indicators, the stress survival horizon and the internal LCR-style and NSFR-style ratios every morning, and runs what-ifs.

  • Never changes a limit, an assumption or the ALM model
  • Marks any input from a late feed as stale
Concentration

Watches the top 50 depositors and sensitive cohorts, such as uninsured commercial deposits by sector and investor networks, and suggests new indicators.

  • Shows client names only to permitted roles
  • Reads only the investor field of onboarding records
  • Never reads BSA/AML case data
Explainer

Names the accounts and payment flows behind each move, finds the common thread and drafts the relationship managers' call briefs.

  • Below 70% confidence a cause stays a question
  • Never names other clients or any BSA/AML matter in a brief
Intraday Watch

Reads the payments hub every 15 minutes on a stress day, hourly otherwise, and alerts the Treasurer and the analyst at the warning level and the limit.

  • Never holds, stops or delays a payment
Escalation

Drafts the contingency funding plan's stage 1 notice when two indicators trip, and holds a standby draft when one trips and a related one is past warning.

  • Never sends a notice: it needs the Treasurer's decision and the Liquidity Risk Officer's check
Feed Steward

Checks every feed's arrival and completeness and the core-to-general-ledger tie-out, and re-runs the indicators when a late file lands.

  • Never fills a gap with an estimate without marking it
Record Keeper

Writes the decision record, the weekly ALCO liquidity summary and the examiner export pack.

  • Never edits a recorded decision
  • Packs are hashed and cannot be changed
Treasury Risk Analyst, Treasurer and Liquidity Risk Officer

Maker confirms, Treasurer decides, second line checks. The agents propose; a named person decides.

Ask in plain words

Ask about any indicator, cohort or decision

The analyst, the Treasurer and the second line ask in plain words. Every answer cites the record behind it and opens the screen to act on, and anything it drafts still goes for approval.

Why did uninsured commercial deposits trip?

Technology clients moved cash after their investor's guidance. Uninsured commercial deposits fell $1.06 billion (4.1%) in 3 days; $0.94 billion of it was technology clients, and eleven of them moved $763 million, 72%. Seven of the eleven share a lead investor, which asked its companies on October 19 to hold no more than two months of cash at any one bank.

What if the eleven clients move the rest of their money?

Their remaining balances are $1.55 billion. If all of it left this week, the survival horizon would fall from 61 to 54 days: still above the 45-day minimum, but under the 55-day warning level, which the plan treats as a stage 1 trigger.

Is the discount window capacity number current?

No, it is stale. The collateral management system's 5:00 a.m. file has not arrived, so $6.2 billion is the value from October 21, 6:12 p.m. It matters: without the discount window, the horizon would be 36 days, under the 45-day minimum.

Add a technology-sector indicator at 5% and 8%

Proposed: E19, uninsured technology deposits, 3-day change, warning 5%, limit 8%. Back-tested on this week, it would have warned on October 20, a day before E04 tripped. Limits need the Liquidity Risk Officer's approval and ALCO's ratification, so it now waits for Rafael Ibarra.

Every screen

The working solution, as it ships.

13 screens from the working solution, on its sample data. Pick one to see it large.

The 7:30 a.m. liquidity risk monitoring note: one sentence, then 18 early warning indicatorsBy 7:30 a.m. the agents have recomputed every early warning indicator and written one sentence above them: liquidity is sound; one indicator tripped overnight. Each indicator is one thin line read the same way, with the value in words and a text chip for its status: 15 within, one past warning, one tripped, one stale.
A tripped indicator opens the cohort behind the moveUninsured commercial deposits fell $1.06 billion (4.1%) in three days, past the 3.0% limit, and $0.94 billion of it sits with technology clients. Each agent statement shows its confidence and cites the core extract, and the agents' run is laid out step by step, ending in the hand-off to the analyst.
Eleven clients, 72% of the deposit outflow, named only for permitted rolesClient names are hidden by default; a permitted role shows them with a logged reason. Each line gives the amount moved, the channel and the relationship manager, and the analyst confirms the facts or overrides an explanation with a reason code, due by 8:15 a.m.
Every agent statement opens its payments hub recordA citation opens the settlement record with the passage highlighted: $214 million swept on October 20 to a third-party government money market fund, one day after the sweep instruction changed. The account shows only its last four digits.
Where the money went, and the analyst confirms the factsSweeps to money market funds, wires to other banks, Treasury bill purchases and operating payments, each cited. The common thread: 7 of the 11 clients share a lead investor that asked its companies to spread their cash. The analyst's confirmation goes to the Treasurer with the record.
The Treasurer decides: watch, escalate or act, with a reason codeA guided decision: the confirmed facts, what the agents suggest and why, then three options with what each one does. A reason code and a note are required; Act would use contingent funding and needs the CFO's approval and the Liquidity Risk Officer's check.
The decision on record, and what the agents do nextOnce recorded, the decision cannot be edited. It carries the facts, nine citations, who confirmed them and the agents' versions, and the agents carry out what follows: eleven relationship calls due by noon, an intraday watch every 15 minutes, and the record to ALCO.
Liquidity stress testing: the survival horizon with a what-ifThe survival horizon under the combined stress scenario, drawn as cumulative stress outflow against the liquidity available, with the 45-day minimum and the 55-day warning level. If the eleven clients move the rest, 61 days becomes 54. The LCR-style and NSFR-style ratios are labeled internal measures.
Deposit concentration risk by cohort, and the top 50 depositorsSensitive cohorts with their balances and three-day change, uninsured deposits at 38.4% of the total, and the top 50 depositors at 14.8%, shown as cohorts by default. The moving cohort, uninsured technology deposits, carries a text chip and opens the indicator.
The contingency funding plan's stage 1 notice, on standbyThe Escalation agent drafts the stage 1 notice when one indicator trips and a related one is past warning, and holds it unsent: recipients, the trigger and the stage 1 actions. It goes only after the Treasurer decides to escalate and the Liquidity Risk Officer checks it.
The work queue: owners, due times, SLAs and call outcomesEvery item has an owner, a due time and an escalation if missed. The agents collect the relationship managers' call outcomes into the decision record: 8 of 11 reached, and the 3 not reached by noon escalated.
Liquidity limits change only through maker-checker and ALCOWarning levels and limits for every indicator. A pending change to the brokered CD spread waits for the Liquidity Risk Officer because its proposer cannot approve it, and the Concentration agent suggests a technology-deposits indicator that would have warned a day earlier.
The audit trail and an export pack for OCC examinersWho did what, when, why and on which evidence, for people and agents alike. Internal audit builds an export pack for OCC examiners in one step: readings with sources, decisions with reasons, limit changes with approvals, client names masked and the pack hashed.
Governance

Confirmed, decided and checked, with every reason on the record.

Seven roles, separated by dutyThe analyst confirms the facts, the Treasurer decides, the Liquidity Risk Officer checks every escalation and limit change, ALCO ratifies, and relationship managers see only their own clients' call briefs. Nobody checks their own proposal, the administrator cannot decide, and internal audit reads and exports but changes nothing.
A maker and a checker on every decision that mattersThe Treasurer decides only on facts the analyst has confirmed. A stage 1 notice needs the Treasurer's decision and the Liquidity Risk Officer's check, and a funding action that moves money needs the CFO's approval as well. Overriding an agent's explanation needs a reason code and a note.
Every value and statement cites its recordEach reading and each agent statement links to the record it came from: the core extract, a payments hub record, the sweep log, an onboarding record, the ALM run, the policy or the plan. An input from a late feed is marked Stale on every screen until its file lands, and is never filled in.
Limits move only with the second line and ALCOA change to a warning level or a limit needs a proposer, the Liquidity Risk Officer's approval and ALCO's ratification, and the proposer cannot approve it. An indicator the agents suggest follows the same route.
Client names on a need-to-know basisCohort views are the default, client names appear only to permitted roles with a logged reason, and account numbers are masked to the last four digits on every screen and export. Cited payment records are kept at least five years. No BSA/AML case data is read or shown, and nothing here is customer-facing, so a SAR's existence cannot surface.
Versioned agents, and a trail examiners can readEach agent has a prompt version, a model and a confidence threshold, and a change to a threshold goes to the second line for approval. Who did what, when, why and on which evidence is on the trail for people and agents alike, and export packs for OCC examiners, the Federal Reserve, internal audit and ALCO are redacted for the audience and hashed.
Configuration

Your liquidity policy, not ours

Times, triggers, thresholds and retention are settings. Warning levels and limits change only through the limit change: a proposer, the Liquidity Risk Officer's approval and ALCO's ratification.

SettingDefaultChoose from
Morning note published at7:30 a.m.7:00 a.m. or 8:00 a.m. on business days
Stage 1 escalation ruleTwo indicators past their limits, or the horizon under 55 daysOne, two or three indicators; a change is sent for approval
Standby noticeOnDrafted when one indicator trips and a related one is past warning
Analyst confirms the facts by8:15 a.m.8:00, 8:15 or 8:30 a.m.; late: Treasurer and Liquidity Risk Officer notified
Treasurer decides after a trip by9:00 a.m.9:00 or 9:30 a.m.; late: CFO notified
Relationship calls due by12:00 p.m.11:00 a.m., 12:00 or 3:00 p.m.; missed calls go to the relationship manager's manager
Explainer confidence threshold0.700.70, 0.80 or 0.95; a change goes to the Liquidity Risk Officer for approval
Cited payment records kept7 years5 or 7 years; at least five under BSA recordkeeping
Connections

Liquidity risk monitoring on the systems treasury already runs

Core banking systembalances for every deposit account, read each morning and tied to the general ledger
Payments hubFedwire, ACH and book transfers, traced to the clients and channels behind a move
General ledgerthe daily tie-out of deposits to the core, with its difference and tolerance
Treasury management systemsweeps and sweep instructions, with the time each one changed
ALM modelstress cash flows behind the survival horizon and every what-if
Collateral management systemdiscount window pledges and lendable value, marked stale when the file is late
What it changes

The difference, in numbers.

Every figure is labelled: a target the solution is built to, an estimate, a typical published result, or a proven one.

target
18of 18
indicators recomputed, explained and cited before 7:30 a.m. every business day
Every morning
survival, deposits, concentration, capacity, market
target
1hour
from a tripped indicator to the Treasurer's recorded decision, instead of a mid-morning report and an unwritten call
Todaymost of the morning
With agentswithin the hour
target
100%
of watch, escalate and act decisions recorded with a reason code and cited evidence

Sources: Federal Reserve, testimony of the Vice Chair for Supervision, March 28, 2023 ($42 billion withdrawn from one bank on March 9, 2023) · Interagency Policy Statement on Funding and Liquidity Risk Management, 75 FR 13656, March 22, 2010 · OCC Bulletin 2023-25, addendum on contingency funding plans, July 28, 2023 · US LCR and NSFR rules, 12 CFR parts 50, 249 and 329, applying to banking organizations of $100 billion or more. "demo" = seen in the working solution, on its sample data · "target" = design goal, measured in the live solution · "typical" = published figures · "estimated" = our arithmetic, kept modest. The bank, its clients, their payments and the people named on this page are fictional: characters and sample data in the working solution.

Questions

What treasury and risk teams ask about liquidity risk monitoring.

What is Liquidity Risk Monitoring?

Liquidity Risk Monitoring is a liquidity risk monitoring system for a bank's treasury and second-line risk teams. Every morning its agents recompute the early warning indicators, the stress survival horizon and internal LCR-style and NSFR-style ratios, name the accounts and payment flows behind each move with the records cited, and put one decision in front of the Treasurer: watch, escalate or act. The analyst confirms the facts, the Treasurer decides with a reason, and the Liquidity Risk Officer checks any escalation.

Which early warning indicators does it watch?

In the working solution, 18 in five groups: survival and ratios, deposits and flows, concentration, contingent capacity, and market and wholesale funding. They include uninsured commercial deposits over three days, sweeps to money market funds, the top 50 depositors' share, discount window and FHLB capacity, and public mentions with run-related terms. The indicators, their warning levels and their limits are your policy's, and change only with second-line approval.

How does it explain a deposit outflow?

The Concentration agent finds the cohort where the move sits, such as uninsured commercial deposits in one sector, and the Explainer traces it through the payments hub and the sweep log to the clients and channels behind it, citing each record. It also looks for a common thread, such as a shared lead investor. A cause below 70% confidence is shown as a question for a person, not as fact.

How does it handle liquidity stress testing and the survival horizon?

The Monitor agent recomputes the survival horizon under your combined stress scenario every morning from the ALM model's stress cash flows, against your minimum and warning level. A what-if re-runs it on the clients the agents named, a sector run-off or the loss of discount window capacity, so the decision is made on numbers. It never changes an assumption or the model.

Do the LCR and NSFR apply to a bank under $100 billion?

Under the US rules, the LCR and the NSFR apply to banking organizations of $100 billion or more. A smaller bank can still track LCR-style and NSFR-style ratios against internal minimums, and the working solution labels them internal on every screen so nobody mistakes them for a binding rule.

How does it work with our contingency funding plan?

The Escalation agent drafts the stage 1 notice from your plan when two indicators trip, and holds a standby draft when one trips and a related one is past warning. It never sends it: the notice goes only after the Treasurer decides to escalate and the Liquidity Risk Officer checks it, and a funding action also needs the CFO's approval.

Do people stay in control of the decision?

Yes. The agents compute, explain and draft; they never decide, send a notice, change a limit or hold a payment. The analyst confirms the facts, the Treasurer decides with a reason code and a note, the Liquidity Risk Officer checks every escalation and limit change, and a recorded decision cannot be edited.

How long does it take to go live?

The Agentic Solution Engine builds and deploys it from your requirements and documents: your liquidity risk policy, contingency funding plan, indicators and limits, and feeds from your core, payments hub, general ledger and ALM model. It goes live once every quality gate has passed.

See it on
your own deposits.

We'll run Liquidity Risk Monitoring on your early warning indicators and a month of your own balances and payments, and show you the accounts behind each move.